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AUTHOR: 


MUSTARD,  WILFRED 
PIRT 


TITLE: 


ETYMOLOGIES  IN  THE 
SERVIAN  ... 

PLACE* 

COLORADO  SPRINGS 

DA  TE : 

1892 


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Mustard,  Wilfred  Pirt,  l86li- 

The  et:/mologies  in  the  Servian  commentary  to 
Vergil,  by  Wilfred  P.  Mustard  ...  Colorado 
Springs,  The  Gazatte  printing  co.,  1892. 

37  p.     23  cm. 

Thesis  (Ph.D.),  Johns  Hopkins  university. 
"Reprinted  from  Colorado  college  studies, 
vol.  III." 


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The  Etymologies  in  the 


Servian  Commentary  to  Vergil 


BY 


WILFRED  P.  MUSTARD 

•  •  • 
Professor  of  Latin  in  Colorado  College 


A  DISSERTATION 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  OF  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS 
UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY. 


{HEFRINTED  Fh'oM  COLORADO  COLLEGE  STUDIES,  VOL.  Ill] 


COLORADO  SPRINGS 

The  Gazette  Pbintino  Company 

1882 


Pleraquc  sunt  vocabula^  qtiibus  vulgo  titimur^  ncque  ta?nen 

liquido  scimtis^  quid  ea  propria  at  que  vere  signijicent  ^  sed  in- 

compertani  ct  vulgar iain  traditio?iem  rci  non  cxploratae  sccuti^ 

videfNur  juagis  diccrc,  quod  volumus,  quam  dicimus. 

[Aul.  Gell.,  N.  A.  XVI  5,  l.J 


nam  antiquitas  ipsa  creavit  errorem. 


[Serv.  ad  Aen.  VII  678] 


et  multa  verba  aliud  mine  ostendunt.  aliud  ante  signiji- 
cabant.  IVarr.L.  L.  V«.J 


THE  ETYMOLOGIES  IN  THE  SERVIAN  COiMMENTARY 

TO  VERGIL. 


By    \SZ'ILRRED    F».    MUSTARD. 


I. — Servius  the  Etymologist. 

The  Roman  philologists,  from  Aelius  Stilo  down,were  much 
given  to  etymologizing.  Some  interesting  specimens  of  early 
effort  in  this  line  are  cited  by  Quintilian,  Inst.  or.  I  6,  32-38, 
where  some  of  the  results  of  the  principles  recognized  and 
employed  by  his  predecessors  are  characterized  in  the  words 
^inde  pravis  incjeniis  ad  foedissima  usque  ludibria  lahuntur.' 
The  vast  number  of  etymological  notes  in  the  commentary  to 
Vergil  shows  what  a  charm  this  fascinating  study  had  for  the 
grammarians  of  a  later  day.*  In  one  or  two  points  Servius 
shows  a  distinct  improvement  upon  the  methods  of  his  prede- 
cessors, but  he  has  not  escaped  all  the  faults  of  his  age. 
His  character  as  an  etymologist  may  be  inferred  from  the 
following  summary. 

I.  He  makes  free  use  of  the  principle  that  objects  may  be 
named  from   their  contraries,  zar   av:i<ppa<Tv^^  applying  it  to 
the  explanation  of   the   following  words:   ardea,  A.  7,  412 
bellum,  A.  1, 22;  Charon,  A.  6, 299;  Eumenides,  A.  3,63;  6,  250 
6,  375;  G.  1,  278;  lucus,  A.  1,  22;  1,  441;  lustrum,  A.  1,  607 
mactare,  A.  4,  57;  manes,  A.  1,  139;  3,  63;  Parcae,  A.  1,  22;  G. 
1,  278,     This  convenient  principle,  which  Voss  in  his  Ety- 
mologicon,  v.  lucus,  called  ^  inane  Grammaticorum  commen- 
tum,^  had  long  been  employed  by  the  Greeks.    That  it  was 
recognized  from  an  early  period  at  Rome  is   evident  from 
Paulus,   p.  SSf:   Militem   Aelius  a  mollitia  y-»-ra   w^ziifpaavj 


*  Servius  offers  or  quotes  etymologies  for  almost  a  thousand  words. 

t  References  to  Festus  and  Paulus  in  this  paper  are  to  the  pages  of  Pouor's  edition,  1889. 


239776 


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Colorado  College  Studies. 


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dictum pukif,  GO,  quod  nihil  molle,  sed  poiius  asperum  quid 

gerat. 

II.  He  is  very  fond  of  deriving  Latin  words  from  Greek. 
On  Aen.  1,  184,  he  says:  Sciendum  autem  est  etiam  Latina 
nomina  Graeeam   plerumque  etymologiam  recipere.     Natu- 
rally enou^^h  he  goes  to  an  extreme  in  this  direction,  and  we 
find  him  offering  a  Greek  etymology  not  only  to  Latin  words, 
which  are  at  most  cognate  with  Greek,  but  to  others  where 
the  connection  he  assumes  is  absolutely  wrong.     A  few  ex- 
amples will  suffice  to  show  some  of  the  results  of  this  ten- 
dency  *    animus,  A.  1, 57,  and  anima,  A.  8,  403,  «r.)  rw.  a^ijiio.. 
antes,  G.  2,  417,  «-'^  '"^^  avr.'^rij'xsfy.    aptum,  A.  4,  482;  11,  202, 
dTre)  roh  ar.re^Oai.   ars,  A.  5,  705, «-o  rr^^  «/>-/79.  Inclita,  A.  6,  781, 
Graecum  est;  nam  z/yr()v  gloriosum  dicunt.    ara,  A.  2,  515,  a 
precibus,quasGraeci  apii,^  dicunt.  rura,  A.  1,430,  Graecea)r>"^i«« 
dicuntur.    Aphaeresis  ergo  sermonem  fecit  Latinum.    telum, 
A.  2,  468;  8,  249;  9, 507;  9, 744,  ar.^  mu  zr^XoO.v.   ulna,  B.  3, 105, 
dTzd  Toiv  (oAeuwy.    ululae,  B.  8,  55,  arr)  roh  6hdoUi^^,    uri,  G.  2, 374, 
drrd  roiv  Spiiou,     Frequently  we  have  two  or  more  derivations 
offered  for  the  same  word,  and  in  several  cases  one  of  these 
optional  etymologies  is  from  the  Greek.     For  examples  see 
the  explanations  of  Acidalia,  A.  1, 720;  ancile,  A.  8, 664;  annus, 
A.  1,  269;  clarigatio,  A.  10,  14;  Quirinus,  A.  1,  292;  scopulus, 
A.  1,45;  Yesta,  A.  1,  292. 

Nettleship,  Lectures  aud  Essays,  p.  212,  notices  a  remark- 
able difference  between  Varro  and  Verrius  Flaccus  in  the 
matter  of  etymology.  Varro,  if  we  may  judge  by  the  De 
Lingua  Latina,  preferred  to  explain  Latin  words  by  assummg 
for  them  a  Latin  origin:  Verrius,  to  judge  from  the  epitome 
of  Paulus,  certainly  seems  to  have  a  predilection  for  deriving 
Latin  words  from  Greek.  Possibly  Servius'  fondness  for 
Graecizing  etymologies  is  one  of  the  results  of  his  indebted- 
ness,  direct  or  indirect,  to  Verrius'  great  work. 

III.  The  Roman  philologists  usually  confined  their  in- 
quiries very  strictly  to  their  own  and  the  Greek  language, 
paying  little  attention  to  other  languages  or  even   to  the 

*  All  quotations  from  Servius  in  this  paper  are  from  the  edition  of  Thllo  and  Hagen, 
1878-1887. 


Etymologies. 


3 


Italian  dialects.     It   may  be   noted  that   Servius  mentions 

not  only  several  Greek  words  which  are  not  Attic  but  about 

thirty  words  which  are  neither  Latin  nor  Greek.     These  he 

assigns  to  various  languages  and  dialects  as  follows:    Punic: 

Bah  A.  1,  729;  caesa,  A.  1,286;  Carthago,  A.  1,  366;  Dido,  A. 

4, 36 ;  4,  335,  and  4,  674 ;  magar,  A.  1, 421 .     Sabine :  cupencum, 

A.  12,  538;  curis,  A.  1,  292;  dira.  A.  3,  235;  liernae.  A.  7,684; 

hirpi,  A.  11,  785;  Loebasius,  G.  1,  17;  nar,  A.  7,  517.    Gallic. 

Alpes,  A.  4, 442;  caesar,  A.  11,  743;  gaesa,  A.  7, 664;  gaesos,  A. 

8,  660;  virga,  A.  8,  660;  volema.  G.  2,  88.   Etruscan:  arimos, 

A.  9,  712;  Camillus,  A.  11,  558;  capys,  A.  10,  145;  Mantus, 

A.  10,  198.     Egyptian:  Isis,  A.  8.  6%:  ^KiV.  A.  4,  577. 

Macedonian:  phalanx,  A.  11,  92;  sarissa,  A.  7,  664.     Doric: 

'Qfnww,  A.  1,  535;  Paean,  A.  7, 769.     Laconum  lingua:  tityrus. 

Proem,  ad  Buc.     Cretan :  sminthicem,  A.  3, 108.     Phrygian : 

sminthos,  A.  3, 108.     Aeolic:  <7W'^^,  A.  3, 445;  6, 12.    Libyan: 

Amnion,  A.  4,  196.     Assyrian:  El,  A.  1. 642.    Persian:  gaza, 

A.  1,  119;  1,  359.     Oscan:  Lucetius,  A.  9,  567.     Umbrian: 

dira,  A.  3,  235.     Ty^ian:  sar.  G.  2,  506.     Illyrian:  Varro.  A. 

11,  743.     Lingua  Theotisca:  cateia,  A.  7,  741. 

IV.  Servius  distinctly  forbids  the  derivation  of  Greek 
words  from  Latin.  On  Aen.  11,  31  (Parrhasio),  and  G.  2,  4 
( Lenaeus )  he  says '  nam  Graecum  nomen  etymologiam  Latinam 
non  recipit,'  in  each  case  rejecting  the  explanation  of  Donatus. 
And  yet  we  find  him  deriving  castor,  G.  1,  58,  'a  castrando'; 
pausia,  G.  2,  86,  ^a  paviendo';  tus,  G.  1,  57,  ^a  tundendo'. 

V.  He  lays  down  the  important  rule  that  a  word  should 
agree  in  quantity  with  the  word  from  which  it  is  derived. 
This  principle  is  emphasized  several  times:  Aen.  1,  498, 
(Diana);  A.  1,  535  (Orion);  A.  1,  185  (totus);  A.  1,  726 
(lucerna);  A.  2,  557  (litus);  A.  8,  51  (Pallanteum).  On  Aen. 
1  726,  e.  g.,  he  says:  "a  lychno  autem  lucerna  dicta  est,  unde 
et  bre'vis  est  'lu'  .  .  .  ,  si  enim  a  luce  diceretur,  non  staret 
versus."  On  Aen.  2,  557  he  rejects  the  derivation  of  Vitus' 
( from  '  litare ',  or  from  '  lituus ' )  offered  by  Donatus— the  same 
Donatus  to  whom  he  says  'latebat',  A.  3,  636,  suggested  'late 
patebat',  and  'exilio',  A.  2,  798,  seemed  a  metrical  equivalent 
for  *ex  Ilio'.     M.  Thomas  remarks,  Essai  sur  Servius,p.  224, 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


tliat  Servius  himself  forgets  this  rule  in  explaining  '  curulis', 
A.  11,  3:U  ('a  curru',  sc).  It  is  not  hard  to  fiiid  much  more 
striking  violations  of  it.  There  are  several  passages  in  which 
words  of  different  quantity  are  connected  without  comment: 
G.  2,  97,  aminneum  (quasi  sine  minio);  A.  6,  4,  anchora 
{ayxofm);  A.  8,  190,  Cacus  (xaxo^^);  A.  6,  299,  Charon  (quasi 
dx^jLtf>io'^):  G.  2,  93,  defrutum  (defraudatur  ....  fraudem)*; 
A.  3, 35, Gradivus  (gradior)*;  A. 6, 180,  cedria  (quasi  xawjih-^'i 
dpoo^  oypo'^);  B.  4,  35,  heroas  (terra  e/^a  dicta);  A.  1,  292, 
securis  (quasi  semicuris);  A.  1,  688;  4,  2,  venenum  (quod  per 
venas  eat);  and  the  implied  etymologies  of  Acheron,  A.  6, 
107,  (quasi  sine  gau(Mo),and  irritum,  A.  7,421  (a  retibus). 

VI.  M.  Thomas,  Essai  sur  Servius,  pp.  208-210,  discusses 
Servius'  attitude  towards  the  fables  which  proved  so  attract- 
ive to  the  grammarians  of  Quintilian's  day  (see  Inst.  or.  I  8, 
19).  Our  commentator  remarks  more  than  once  (on  Aen.  6, 
74,  and  (),  617,)  that  Vergil,  and  the  poets  generally,  are  apt 
to  vary  the  forms  of  these  stories.  Frequently  he  mentions 
a  fable  only  to  reject  it:  ad  Aen.  3,  73, '  Veritas  longe  alia  est'; 
ad  Aen.  6,  134,  'ratio  autem  haec  est';  ad  Aen.  2,  7,  'sed  hoc 
fabulae  est' ;  ad  Aen.  6, 14,  etc.  Such  stories  are  always  quoted 
as  fabulous,  and  are  usually  prefaced  by  some  such  words 
as  'fabula  autem  talis  est',  yet  they  prove  a  convenient  re- 
source, especially  in  Daniel's  Scholia,  for  the  explanation  of 
several  words.  Accounts  of  people  changed  into  animals, 
birds  or  plants,  of  implements  named  after  their  inventors, 
etc.,  are  given  under  the  following  words:  «£r«9,  A.  1,  394-f; 
amaracus,  A  1,  693;  anethus,  B.  2,  47;  /*/^>'},  A.  1,  505; 
;^£'/>v£9,  A.  4,  250;  circinus,  A.  6, 14;  '^i^^j,  A.  3,  91;  hyacinthus, 

•Vergil,  G.  4,  269,  has  defrutum  (u  sh(yrt^\  Plautus, Pseudol.  II  4,  61,  defrutum(u  long)— 
'  Murrinam  passum  defrutum  mellam  mel  (luoiuismcxli,'  (Ussing'a  reading).  Minton  War- 
ren, ^mtr.  Joum.of  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  73,  has  found  four  instances  of  Gradivus  (a  ghort)  out 
of  fifty-three  where  the  word  occurs  in  Latin  poetry.  These  are  Ov.  M.  6,  427;  Val.  Fl.  6, 
651;  Sil.  15, 15;  15,  337.    In  each  case  Gradivus  is  at  the  end  of  a  hexameter. 

tin  quoting  from  the  Servian  commentary  I  have  everywhere  distinguished  between 
the  'vulgate '  and  the  additional  notes  found  in  the  fuller  version.  Thus  an  italicized  refer- 
ence such  as  ad  Aen.  4,  ioa  means  that  the  note  which  follows  is  found  only  in  Daniel's 
Scholia;  when  part  of  a  note  is  printed  in  italics  as  'Amazon,  quasi  a>eo  /i«C"'^  »<»« 
mamma\  the  italicized  words  are  added  in  the  fuller  version,  the  rest  is  in  the  vulgate. 
Such  references  as  Africa,  Aen.  6,  312;  5, 128,  quasi  aT£p  (ffJlxr^  ?,'  are  meant  to  imply  that 
the  same  or  a  similar  etymology  Is  given  in  each  division. 


Etymologies. 


A.  11,  69;  B.  3,  106;  lynx,  A.  1,  323;  myrtus,  A.  5,  23;  5,  72; 
narcissus,  B.  2, 47;  G.  4, 160;  oTv»v,  G.  i,  8;  palaestra,  A.  8, 138; 
papaver,  B.  2,  47;  philyra,  G.  3,  93;  <p'jUa^  B.  5,  10;  (TTa<^uXij\>j 
-6f.  1,  8;  thorax,  A.  9,  503.  With  the  exception  of  palaestra 
(A.  6,  642;  G.  2,  531)  no  other  explanation  of  any  of  these 
words  is  offered  in  any  part  of  the  commentary. 

VII.  The  phonetic  possibilities  recognized  in  Servius' 
etymological  notes  may  be  groujjed  as  follows: 

(a)  'nomina  corrupta'  or  'aetate  corrupta':  Arpi,  A.  11, 
246  (Argyrippa);  Casperuli,  A.  8,  638  (Caspiri);  Crustume- 
rium,  A.  7,  631  (Clytemestra). 

(h)  *in  diminutione  plerumque  multa  mutantur':  ofella, 
A.6,  420(offa). 

(c)  Vowel-changes  'in  deri vatione' :  caelata,  A.  1,640  (celum 
...  in  deri  vatione  mutatur).  There  is  a  similar  note  on 
G.  2,  291  (aesculus  ab  esu).  In  two  cases,  however,  the  diph- 
thongs apparently  presented  no  difficulty  and  the  derivations 
of  Maenala,  G.  1,  17  («-<)  rtyv  fjLrjAivv)^  and  cedria,  A.  6,  180 
(quasi  xatofiivr^^  d/tuo'^  'jyfxrA  are  given  without  comment. 

((/)  There  are  seven  words  distinctly  put  down  for  *per 
antistoechon'  formations:  curculio,  G.  1, 186  (quasi  gurgulio ) ; 
laquearium,  A.  1,  726  (lacunarium);  magalia,  A.  1,  421  (ma- 
gar);  meditor,  B.  1,  2  (//£/£rw,  *r  enim  et  'd'  interdum  sibi 
invicem  cedunt.) ;  Poeni,  A.  1,  301  (quasi  plioeni);  sella,  A.  7, 
169;  B.  1,  2  (quasi  sedda);  solium,  A.  7,  169  (quasi  sodium  a 
sedendo). 

(e)  et  amurca  per  *c'  scribitur  et  per  *g'  pronuntiatur,  ut 
*C.'  Gains,  'Cm'  Gnaeus.  G.  1,  194. 

(/)  Implied  similarity  of  certain  sounds.  Tumultus,  A. 
2,  486;  8,  1,  quasi  timor  multus.  Mercurius,  A.  8,  138,  alii 
Mercurium  quasi  Medicurriiim  a  Latinis  dictum  volunt. 
cadaver,  A.  8, 264,  cadaver  est  corpus  nondum  sepultum,  dictum 
cadaver  quod  careat  honore  sepulturae.  asylum,  Aen.  2,  761, 
dictum  'asylum'  quasi  'asyrum.' 

(g)  Synaeresis.  saltem,A.4,  327  (salutem.  ..  persynaere- 
sin);  conpostus,  A.  3,  152  (pro  conpositus). 


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6  Colorado  College  Studies. 

(h)  Aphaeresis.  A.  1,  480,  rura  Graece  6tiO"o/>«  dicuntur. 
aphaeresis  ergo  sermonem  fecit  Latinum.  With  this  compare 
the  following  etymologies  which  are  given  without  comment: 
Boaulia,  A.  6,  107;  7,  662  (caulam  bubus  fecit);  carceres, 
A.  1,  54;  5, 145;  G.  8, 104  (quasi  arcer  abarcendo);  caulae,  A. 
9, 59  (Graecum  nomen  'c'  detracto) ;  Caulon,  A.  3,  553  ( Aulon 
mons  est  etc. ) ;  coTium^A.  3,92  {alii  .  .  .  quasi ortina  .  .  . 
quod  inde  vox  oriatur);  Segesta,  A.  1,  550  (Egesta);  A.  5, 
718  (Acestes). 

(i)  Rhotacism.  A  4,219,  aras  (asas),  Valerios  ( Valesios), 
Furios  (Fusios),  etc. 

(k)  Representation  of  certain  Greek  sounds  in  Latin, 
i.  <f.  apricus,  A.  5,  128;  6,  312  (quasi  anp  <ffnxTj<^). 
Africa,  A.  5,  128;  6,  312  (quasi  «r£//  f/^t'^r^?). 
herba,  G.  1,120  {<for;ir;). 
ii.  Spiritus  asper.    Formiae,  A.  7,  695  (inmutato  H  in 

F    .   .    .    (I'd  ry)?  of'/^TJ'^). 

Septem,  B.  2,  11  (in  multis  enim  nominibus, 
quae  in  Graeco  aspirationem  habent,  nos  pro 
aspiratione  *s'  ponimus:  inde  est..  .  .  pro 
hepta  *  septem'). 

aptum,  A.  4,  482;   11,  202  <iro  too  ar^rzaOat). 

iii.  Digamma.     Belus,  A.  1,  642  (El   .     .    .    addita 
digammo  .    .   .  ). 
Velia,A.6,359(Elia.  .  .  accepit  digammon  .  .  .). 

In  a  number  of  etymologies  the  recognition  of  any  un- 
usual phonetic  possibility  is  s6  doubtful  that  they  have  not 
been  included  under  this  head.  If  Servius  derives  'Africa' 
from  «v£t^  <finxr,^  in  one  part  of  his  commentary,  from  arep 
ippuTi<$  in  another,  he  probably  means  in  each  case  only  *a 
privative.'  So  with  the  explanations  of  *  Amazon'  (quasi 
hto  iiaWo)  and  'apricus'  (quasi  iirzp  <ppUr^i).  In  other  notes 
'a  privative'  is  indicated  by  the  word  'non'  or  'sine':  Ache- 
ron, A.  6,  107  (quasi  sine  gaudio);  Alexis,  B.  2,1  (quasi  sine 
responsione);  aminneum,  G.  2,  97  (quasi  sine  minio);  ato- 
mos,  B.  6,  31  (quia  rofii^'^  non  recipiunt).  The  'sine'  which 
appears  in  another  group  of  etymologies  perhaps  means  only 
'se',  although  Servius  makes  no  such  definite  statement  on 


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Etymologies.  7 

this  point  as  we  find  in  Isidore,  or.  X  247 :  segnis,  id  est  sine 
igne,  ingenio  carens.  Se  autem  sine  significat,  ut  sedulus 
sine  dolo:  securus,  quasi  sine  cura,  etc.  In  two  other  pas- 
sages Isidore  omits  this  explanation:  orig.  X  244,  sedulus  fami- 
liare  verbum  Terentii:  hoc  est  sine  dolo;  orig.  X  262,  sepultus, 
sine  pulsu,  id  est  sine  motu.  Accordingly,  when  Servius 
explains  'securus',  A.  2,  374,  as  'sinecura\  sedulus,  J..  2,  374, 
as  'sine  dolo\  segnis,  A.  1,  423;  2,  374,  as  'sine  igne',  and 
'sepultus',  A.  3,  41;  6,  424,  'quasi  sine  pulsu',  it  seems  safer 
to  suppose  that  he  really  means  *se  dolo',  'se  igne',  etc.,  than 
to  infer  that  he  allows  the  'n'  of  'sine'  to  disappear. 

VIII.  The  additional  notes  of  Daniel's  Servius  are  some- 
times supplementary  to  those  of  the  vulgate,  sometimes  repe- 
titions of  them,  sometimes  inconsistent  with  them.  Examples 
of  inconsistency  in  the  matter  of  etymology  may  be  seen 
under  the  following  words*:  ara,  A.  2,  515;  4,  219;  bruma,  A. 

2,  472;  G.  1,  211;  feretrum,  A.  11,  64;  insertas,  A.  3,  152; 
jubar,  A.  4, 130;  latrones,  A.  12,  7;  palaestra,  A.  6,  642;  8, 138; 
G.  2,  351;  Praeneste,  A.  7,  682;  vitula,  A.  1,  533;  B.  3,  30. 

One  of  the  chief  arguments  relied  on  by  Thomas  (p.  49)- 
and  Thilo  (Praef.  XIII)  as  showing  that  these  'additional' 
notes  did  not  form  part  of  the  original  commentary  of  Servius 
is  the  following:  the  additional  notes  quote  a  variety  of  opin- 
ions upon  disputed  points  without  deciding  upon  any  one  in 
particular,  while  the  vulgate  usually  does  so  only  to  adopt 
one  in  preference  to  the  others.  As  far  as  etymological  notes 
are  concerned  this  statement  seems  to  require  some  modifica- 
tion. Omitting  the  explanations  of  proper  names,  we  have 
in  the  vulgate  several  cases  where  one  etymology  out  of  two 
or  more  offered  or  quoted  is  distinctly  preferred*:  cortina,  A. 
6,  347;  3,  92;  delubrum,  A.  2,  225;  4,  56;  fur,  G.  3,  407; 
harena,  A.  1,  178;  indigetes,  A.  12,  79;  G.  1,  498;  latrones,  A. 
12,  7;  lucerna,  A.  1,  726;  manes,  A.  3,63;  tus,  G.  1,57;  vesti- 
bulum,  A.  2,  469;  6,  273  and  perhaps  circenses,  A.  8,  636;  G. 

3,  18.  In  an  equal  number  of  cases,  however,  no  such  pre- 
ference is  manifested:  amoenus,  A.  6,  638;  ancile,  A.  8,  664; 
annus,  A.  1,  269;*  castra,  A.  3,  519;  clarigatio,  A.  10, 14;  cuna- 


•  These  etymologies  are  quoted  in  the  second  part  of  this  paper 


^/ 


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Colorado  College  Studies. 


/ 


bula, B.4,  23;  foedus,  A.  1,  62;  palaestra,  G.  2,  531;.  scopulus, 
A.  1, 45;  senatores,  A.  5,  758;  sparus,  A.  11,  682;  urbs,  A.  1, 12. 
As  far  as  the  etymologies  in  the  additional  notes  are  con- 
cerned, Thomas'  statement  seems  to  be  strictly  correct. 

In  this  connection  may  be  pointed  out  a  few  inconsist- 
encies which  are  found  in  the  vulgate  itself.  For  the  words 
cadaver,  A.  6,  481;  8,  2f>4;  cortina,  A.  3,  92;  6,347;  delubrum, 
A.  2,  225;  4,  56;  fur,  A.  9,  348;  G.  3,  407,  and  Segesta,  A.  1, 
550;  5,  718  different  etymologies  are  preferred  in  different 
parts  of  the  commentary.  For  Carthago,  A.  1,  343;  1,  366; 
4,  670;  cedria,  A.  6,  180;  7,  178,  and  formosus,  A.  1,  359;  8, 
453,  we  have,  if  -not  different  etymologies,  at  least  a  more 
general  and  a  more  exact  explanation  of  each  word  in  differ- 
ent places.  For  several  words  two  etymologies  are  offered  or 
quoted  in  one  place,  only  one  in  another:  amoenus,  A.  5,734; 
6,  638;  clarigatio,  A.  9,  52;  10,  14;  delubrum,  A.  2,  225;  4, 
56;  fur,  A.  9,  348;  G.  3,407;  scopulus,  A.  1,  45;  1,  180;  solium, 
A.  1,  506;  7, 169.  For  scopulus  the  two  derivations  are  offered 
earlier  in  the  commentary  than  the  one  which  is  apparently 
, preferred;  for  each  of  the  other  five  words  the  two  optional 
etymologies  are  not  mentioned  until  after  one  of  them  has 
been  given. 

IX.  Sometimes  etymologies  are  only  implied:  Acheron, 
A.  6,  107  (quasi  sine  gaudio);  dolones,  A.  7,  664  (a  fallendo 
dicti);  hydra,  A.  6,  287  (ab  aqua  dicta);  etc.  Even  when 
they  are  more  definitely  stated  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to 
determine  the  exact  meaning.  For  example,  on  the  passage 
'saepe  volutabris  pulsos  silvestribus  ai^ros  latratu  turbabis 
agens',  G.  3,  411,  we  have  the  comment  'volutabra  loca  sunt, 
in  quibus  se  apri  volvunt.'  Is  'apri'  part  of  the  etymology, 
and  not  due  merely  to  the  'apros'  of  Vergil's  line?  Such 
an  explanation  would  not  be  too  bad  for  Isidore,  who  has, 
or.  XVI  1,  5,  'volutabra  appellata  quod  ibi  apri  volutentur', 
and  the  notes  on  the  following  words  suggest  that  such  an 
explanation  was  good  enough  for  Servius:  antarium,  A.  11, 156 
(quasi  ante  aras);  circenses,  A.  8,  636;  G.  3,  18  (vel  a  cir- 
cuitu,  vel  .  .  .  ab  ensibus  circa  quos  currebant);  fatiscunt, 
A.  1,  123  ('fatiDi'  abundanter,  hiscere   aperiri);   fortuitus, 


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*  Etymologies.  9 

6,  179  (ab  eundo  et  a  fortuna);  furcillae,  G.  2,  389  (quibus  v 
frumenta  cillentur).  A  similar  case  is  the  explanation  of 
4egumen'.  On  G.  1,74,  we  read  'dicitur  quod  manu  legatur^ 
nee  sectionem  requirat';  on  G.  1,  199,  "'manu  legeret';  hinc 
quidam  volunt  dictum  legumen".  The  fact  that  *legumina' 
is  reijresented  in  an  old  glossary  by  yz^im-d  seems  to  confirm 
the  susi)icion  that,  if  Servius  himself  did  not  derive  the  word 
from  legere  -|-  manus,  he  at  least  refers  to  such  a  derivation 
in  his  note  on  G.  1,  199*.  A  third  instance  is  the  note  on 
4ugentes  campi',  A.  6,  441:  ''lugentes,  quasi  4ucis  egentes' •'. 
This  is  probably  meant  for  an  etymology,  not  merely  the 
explanation  of  a  metaphor.  Voss  in  his  Etymologicon  men- 
tions a  derivation,  'ingeniosius  quam  verius',  of  4ugere'  from 
'/'V'J?  i-  <?•  '^^"'j'«  tenebrae\- 

X.  The  difficult  question  of  the  sources  of  Servius'  ety- 
mological notes  must  be  reserved  for  a  separate  paper.     At 
present,   however,   two   general   statements   may  be    made. 
About  thirty  derivations  are  attributed  to  Varro,  but  he  un- 
doubtedly was  the  ultimate  authority  for  a  good  many  more,  i 
Verrius  Flaccus  is  only  once  mentioned  by  name,  but  there 
is  much  in  these  notes  which  must  have  come  directly  or 
indirectly   from  the    great  work  De  Verborum  Significatu. 
This  might  have  been  inferred  from  the  papers  in  which 
Nettleship  has  pointed  out  some  of   the  parallels  between  . 
Servius  and  Festus  or  Paulus.     See  his  Ancient  Commenia-  \ 
iors  to  Vergil,  prefixed  to  the  fourth  edition  of  Conington's 
commentary,   and   the   papers   on  Verrius  Flaccus,  Nonius 
Marcellus  and  Thilo's  Servius  in  his  Lectures  and  Essays, 
Oxford,  1885. 

Many  of  the  etymologies  quoted  in  our  commentary  are 
introduced  by  such  general  phrases  as 'quidam  .  .  .',  'alii  .  .  .', 
'fabula  est  .  .  .',  etc.,  or  by  others  which  are  almost  as  indefi- 
nite: 'ut  lectum  est  in  historia  Poenorum'  (Carthago,  A.  1, 
343);  'lectum  tamen  est  in  philologis'  (Caieta,  A.  7,  1); 
'prudentiores  tamen  dicunt'  (Silvanus,  A.  8,  601).     On  Aen. 

•  It  may  be  noted  that  the  latest  etymology  offered  for  this  word  is  also  due  to  the 
feeling  that 'legere'  in  itself  is  not  sufficient  to  explain  'legumina'.  Stowasser,  Dunkle 
iVoerter,  p.  29,  proposes  leyere  -|-  *umina.  "  Umcn  von  ttere,  wie  flumen  von  fluere,  numen 
von  nuere,  acumen  von  acuere  gebildet,  bedeutet  ersichtlich  Huelle,  Huelse." 


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Colorado  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


11 


7,  678,  we  have  the  following  general  statement:  'de  civitati- 
bus  totius  orbis  miilti  quidem  ex  parte  scripserunt,  ad  plenum 
tamen  Ptolomaeus  graece,  latine  Plinius.  de  Italicis  etiam 
urbibus  Hyginus  plenissime  scripsit,  et  Cato  in  originibus'. 
Omitting  the  cases  in  which  Vergil's  own  explanations  of 
words  are  discussed,  we  have  etymologies  distinctly  referred 
to  the  following  authors: — 

Aeschylus,  pergama,  A.  1,  95. 
Alexarchiis,  Campania,  A.  5,  334. 
Marcus  Antonius,  Umbros,  A.  12,  753. 
Arisionicus,  Campania,  A.  3,  334. 
Asper,  solium,  A.  7,  169. 
Afeius,  Roma,  ^4.  2,  273. 
Carminius,  amoenus,  A.  5,  374. 
Cass  his,  fana,  G.  1,  10. 

Cassius  Hemina,  Crustumerium,  A.  7, 631;  magalia,  A.  1,  421. 

Cato,  Graviscae,  A.  10, 184;  intempestae,  A.  10, 184;  lulus,  A. 

1,  267;  magalia,  .4.  1,  421;  Praeneste,  A.  7,  682;  Sabini, 

A. 8,  638. 
Cicero,  foedus,  A.  8,  641;  sedkio,  A.  1, 149;  Tenedos,  A.  2,  21. 
Cimius,  delubrum,  A.  2,  225;  fana,  G.  1,  10. 
Clinias,  Roma,  ^4.  i,  273. 
Clodius  Tuscus,  mussare,  A.  12,  667. 
Conon,  Sarrastras,  A.  7,  738. 
Donaius,  latebat,  A.  3,  636;  Lenaeus,  G.  2,  4;  litus,  A.  2,  657; 

Parrhasio,  A.  11,  31. 
Ennius,  Roma,  A.  1,  273. 

Eratosthenes,  Myrmidones,  A.  2,  7;  Roma,  ^4. 1,  273. 
Gellius^  Sabini,  A.  8,  638. 
Heraclides,  Roma,  A.  1,  273. 
Hijginus,  Ardea,  A.  7,  412;  Caere,  A.  8,  597;  Casperuli,^. 

8,  638;  Hesperia,  A.  1,  530;  Sabini,  A.  8,  638. 
Livius,  Campania,  A.  3,  334;  Carthago,  A.  1,  343;  1,  366. 
Lutatius,  Baiae,  A.  9,  707, 
3Iasiirius  Sabiniis,  delubrum,  A.  2,  225. 
Naevius,  Roma,  A.  1,  273. 
Nigidius,  herba,  G.  1,  120. 
Ovidius,  Ardea,  A.  7,  412;  names  of  months,  G.  1,  43. 


V 


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Philochorns,  Pelasgi,  A.  8,  600, 

Philostephanus,  Trinacia,  A.  1,  196. 

Piso,  Pilumnus,  A.  10,  76. 

Plinius,  intempestae,  A.  10, 184;  junior,  A.  6, 304;  lyciscae,  B. 
3,  18;  sucinum,  A.  8,402. 

Postumius,  Baiae,  A.  9,  707. 

Sallu stills,  magalia,  A.  1,  421;  senatores,  A.  5,  758. 

Saufeius,  Aborigines,  Cascei,  Latium,  A.  1,  6. 

Seneca,  Abatos,  Philos,  A.  6,  154. 

Statius  Tullianus,  Camilla,  ^.ii,  543. 

Thulxydides,  Italia,  A^  8,  328. 

Varro,  amoenus,  A.  5,  374;   ara,  4,  219;   arena,  A.  1,  172; 
Aventinus,  A.  7,  657;  Campania,  A.  3,  334;  candelabrum, 
A.  2,  225;  carceres,  A.  5,  145;  cernuli,  A.  10,  894;  curcu- 
lio,  G.   1,  186;  delubrum,   A.  2,  225;    faunos,  G.  1,  11; 
focus,  A.  11,  21;  frenos,  A.  8,  230;  germanus,  A.  5,  412 
liarena,  A.  1,  172;  junior,  A.  5,  409;  6,  304;  Latium,  A.  8 
322;  latrones,  A.  12,  7;  Libya,  A.  1,  22;  Oenotria,  A.  1,  532 
Palatinus,  A.  8,  51;  pklla,  A.  1,  648;  proceres,  A.  1,  740 
pronuba,  A.  4.  166;  senior,  A.  5,  409;  sparus,  A.  11,  682; 
testudo,  A.  1,  505;  valvae,  A.  1,  449;    Varro,  A.  11,  473; 
vates,  A.  3,  443;  vestibulum,  A.  6,  273. 

Verrius  Flaccus,  juniperi,  B.  7,  53. 

Vitruvius,  aditus,  ostium,  A.  6,  43. 

XL  Sometimes  we  find  Servius  attributing  to  earlier 
writers  opinions  which  they  apparently  did  not  hold.  Unless 
it  be  supposed  that  Varro  in  his  voluminous  writings  may 
have  preferred  different  etymologies  for  the  same  word  in 
different  places,  we  must  infer  that  he  has  been  misrepre- 
sented at  least  two  or  three  times. 

amoenus. — Servius  says,  ad  Aen.  6,  638,  that  Varro  explained 
I  amoena  *  quasi  amunia.' 

Isidore,  or.  XIV  9,  33,  makes  Varro  derive  amoena 
from  amare. 
Latium. — Serv.  ad  Aen.  8,  322,  Varro   autem  Latium  dici 

putat,  quod  latet  Italia  inter  praecipitia  Al- 
pium  et  Apennini. 
Varro,  L.  L.  V  32,  says  Apulia  and  Latium  are 
named  *  ab  hominibus.' 


12 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


13 


vates.Sery.  ad  Aen.  3,  448,  vates  a  vi  mentis  appellatos, 
\  arro  auctor  est. 
Varro,  L.  L.  VII  36,  antiqui  poetas  Vates  appella- 
baiit  a  versibus  vieiulis. 
ostium.— ^eTY.  ad  Aen.  6,  43,  nam  Vitruvins  qui  de  archi- 

tectonica  scripsit,  ostium  dicit  per  quod  ab 
alicjuo  arcemur  in^ressu  ab  obstando  dictum. 

To  use  Thilo's  words,  falso  Servius   ostium,  etc'  Vitruvio 
tribuit.  

II.-FALSE  AND  POPULAR  ETYMOLOGIES. 

The  great  value  of  Servius'  etymological  notes  is  apparent 
to  every  reader  of  his  commentary.     There  are,  of  course, 
many  derivations  offered  which  are  no  longer  accepted,  but 
many  of  the  words  which  he  attempts  to  explain  still  defy 
certain  analysis,  and  in  some  of  the  cases  where  he  offers  two 
optional  etymologies  for  the  same  word  each  of  these  has  its 
supporters  at  the  present  day.     In  the  following  pages  an 
attempt  is  made  to  collect  all  his  etymologies  which  may  be 
confidently  rejected.     It  is  hardly  necessary  to  disclaim  any 
pretence  to  completeness  of  treatment  where  completeness  of 
treatment  is  practically  impossible.     At  the  same  time  this 
paper  professes  to  contain  all  Servius'  etymologies  (excluding 
proper  names)  which,  according  to  the  highest  and  most  re- 
cent authorities,  are  no  longer  tenable.     One  word  of  expla- 
nation should  be  added.     In  cases  where  Servius  offers  two 
optional  etymologies  of  the  same  word  both  are  regularly 
quoted,  often  without  comment.     Large  as  the  following  list 
is,  it  might  have  been  much  larger,  had  it  included  all  the 
unnecessary  derivations  of  Latin  words  from  Greek,  cases,  /.  e., 
where  the  Latin  word  is  at  most  cognate  with  the  Greek,  not 
derived  from  it.     In  many  cases  Servius'  statements  as  to  the 
exact  relation  between  two  cognate  Latin  words  do  not  agree 
with  modern  views.     These  too  are  regularly  omitted,  though 
one  or  two  extreme  examples  have  been  retained:  fores,  Aen. 
1,  449   (quae  foras  aperiuntur);  fundus,  G.   2,  468  (rerum 
omnium  fundamentum). 

As  often  as  one  of  Servius'  more  remarkable  etymologies 
has  been  found  in  an  earlier  writer  the  passage  is  added  below, 


\ 


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but  in  no  case  is  it  definitely  stated  that  he  borrowed  his  note 
from  this  source.  It  is  somewhat  surprising  to  find  how  few 
of  these  appear  in  the  extant  works  of  his  predecessors  and 
how  many  of  them  recur  in  Isidore,  for  whom  no  etymology 
was  too  grotesque.  It  is  hard  to  imagine  that  Servius  is 
himself  responsible  for  all  these  ingenious  explanations. 
Whether  Isidore  drew  directly  upon  Servius,  as  Thilo  thinks, 
or  upon  Servius'  sources,  as  Nettleship  maintains,  he  doubt- 
less iireserves  many  derivations  that  were  offered  by  Servius' 
predecessors. 

Such  works  as  Palmer's  Folk  EUjmologij,  Andresen's 
Dcidsche  Volksefijmologie,  and  Keller's  Lateinische  Volks- 
etymologir  deal  chiefly  with  Folk  Etymology  in  the  narrower 
sense  of  the  term:  where  the  form  of  a  word  is  affected  by 
false  derivation  or  mistaken  analogy,  or  where  the  significa- 
tion is  warped  and  perverted  from  a  false  relationship  being 
assumed.  Even  in  this  narrow  sense  of  the  term  our  com- 
mentary furnishes  several  examples  of  Folk  Etymology. 
Thus  Servius,  on  Aen.  1, 172,  i3refers  the  derivation  'arena  ab 
ariditate'  to  'harena  ab  haerendo',  where  Varro  left  an  option 
and  an  optional  spelling.  The  Sabine  '  f asena '  shows  that  the 
initial  *h'  is' etymologically  correct*.  On  G.  1,  57,  he  says 
that  the  old  derivation  of  'tus'  {^I'd  roo  Oeioo)  led  to  the  spell- 
ing 'thus'.  Cases  of  xjerverted  meaning  due  to  mistaken 
analogy  are  more  numerous:  see  especially  the  notes  on  gur- 
gulio,  indigetes,  lat rones,  orichalcum,  and  i^ostumus,  quoted 
in  the  following  pages.  For  the  words  indigetes  and  latrones 
Servius  himself  distinctly  mentions  popular  etymologies; 
with  these  may  be  compared  the  comment  on  Aen  6,  392: 
sane  Alciden  volunt  quidam  d'o  ri;^  dXxr;^  dictum,  id  est  a  vir- 
tute:  quod  non  procedit,  quia  a  prima  aetate  hoc  nomen 
habuit  abAlcaeo.patreAmphitryonis.  et  scimus  agnomina  ab 
accidentibus  dari. 

Adorea,  Ae7i.  10,  077,  'Turnus  adoro^  id  est  juxta  veteres, 
qui  adorare  adloqui  dicehcmt:  nam  ideo  et  adorea  laus 
hellica,  quod  omncs  cum  cum  gratulatione  adloquehantur, 
qui  in  bellis  fortitcr  fecit. 

•Corssen,  Vol.Ip.  102. 


14  Colorado  College  Studies. 

'^'^Aesculus,  G.  2,  291,  ab  esu  dicta. 
Amellus,  G.  4,  278,  Mella  tiuvius  Galliae  est,  juxta  quern  liaec 
herba  plurima  nascitur;  unde  et  amella  dicitur. 
Servius'  explanation  seems  to  have   been  sn^^ested   by 
Vergil's  line,  'et  curva  legunt  prope  fluniina  Mellae'.     See 
Wharton,  Effjma  Latina,p.  4,  ''amellus  starwort:  Gaulish  for 
*ampellos  'loved  by  bees',  fr.  *ampis  bee  (  M  spelt  am,  and  p 
disappearing  in  Celtic:  see  Stokes,  B.  B.  \\  194),  cf.  OHG.  impi 
and  c/jtrrV  gnat?" 
"^  Aminneum,  G.  2, 97,  aminneum  vinum  dictum  est  quasi  sine 
minio,  id  est  rubore;  nam  album  est.     et  alifcr:  Amineos 
AristoMcs  in  polifiis  hoc  scribit   Thessalos  ftu'ssr,  qui 
suae^  rc(jionis  viivs  in  Halicun  frdnstnlfrunf,  atque  illis 
inde  nomen  injyosiium. 

Amoenus,  Aen.  6,  638,  amoena  autem  quae  solum  amorem 
praestant,  vel  ut  supra  (ad  Aen.  5,  374,  sc.)  diximus,  (piasi 
aniunia,  hoc  est  sine  fructu,  ut  Varro  et  Carminius  docent. 

Paulus,  p.  2,  says  'amoena  dicta  sunt  loca,  quae  ad  se 
amanda  adliciant\  Isidore  makes  Verrius  Flaccus  derive 
'  amoenus'  from  *munus',  Varro  from  'aniare';  orig.  XIV  9, 33: 
'amoena  loca  dicta  Varro  ait  eo  quod  solum  amorom  praestent 
et  ad  amanda  adliciant:  Verrius  Flaccus,  quod  sine  munere 
sint,  nee  quicquam  in  his  officii,  quasi  amunia,  id  est  sine 
fructu  etc'. 
Ancile,  Aen.  8,  664,  ancile  autem  dicitur  aut  quasi  undique 

circumcisum,  aut  quasi  ao.<fixsiA(t>,  id  est  undique  labrum 

habens. 
Annus,  Aen.  1,  269,  annus  autem  dictus  quasi  anus,  id  est 

anulus,  quod  in  se  redeat,  .  .  .  vel  firzd  zou  dvavsobffOai,  id 

est  ab  innovatione. 
Antarium,  Aen.  11, 156,  sane   hoc  bellum  'antarium'  vocari 

solitum,  quod  sit  ante  urbem,  quasi  ante  aras. 
Apricus,  Aen.  6,  312,  quasi  arsp  (f/tixr^?,  id  est  sine  frigore  ut 

diximus  supra  (ad  Aen.  o,  128,  sc.) 

cf.  Paul.  p.  2,  apricum  locum  a  sole  apertum  a  Graeco 
vocabulo  <pf>'y-^j  appellatum,  quasi  fi<fp:'/.rjs^,  id  est  sine  horrore, 
videlicet  f rigoris,  unde  etiam  putatur  et  Africa  appellari. 

Ara,  Aen.  2,  515,  dicitur  a  precibus,  quas  Graeci  «/>«?  dicunt. 


Etymologies. 


15 


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r 


Aen,  4,219,  vcteres  aras  'asas'  dicebant;  postea  inmu- 
tata  litiera' s'  in  'r'  'aras'  dixerunt, sicut  Valesios  Valerias, 
FusiosFurios:  quod  Varro  rerum  divinarum  in  libroquinio 
plenius  narrat  * 

Ardea,  Aen.  7,  412,  sciendum  tamen  ardeam  avem  z«r'  «vrj'- 

<Pfmffr^  dictam,  quod  brevitate  pennarum  altius  non  volat. 

G.  1,  3(>4,  ardea  dicta  quasi  ardua. 
Asylum,  Aen.  2,761,  dictum 'asylum' quasi  'asyrum\  alii 
'asijlnm'  idco  dictum,  quod  nullus  inde  tolleretur,  id  est 
quod  *Tu?.dfTOai,  hoc  est  abripl,  nullus  inde  poterat. 
Aen.  8,  342,  templum  misericordiae,  .    .    .    unde  nullus 
posset  abduci. 
Atrium,  Aen.  1,  726,  ibi  et  culina  erat:  unde  et  atrium  dictum 
est;  atrum  enim  erat  ex  fumo.     alii  dicunt  Atriam  Eiru- 
viae  civitatem  fuisse,  quae  domos  amplis  vestibulis  habe- 
hat:  quae  cum  Romani  imitarentur  atria  appellaverunt. 
AUGURIUM,  Aen.  5,523,  dictum  quasi  'avigerium',  id  est  quod 
aves  gerunt. 
The  same  derivation  is  given  ad  Aen.  1,  393;  1,  397;  1,  398, 

2,  702;  S,  89;  6,  198. 
cf.  Paul.  p.  2,  augur  ab  avibus  gerendoque  dictus,  quia 
per  eum  avium  gestus  edicitur;  sive  ab  avium  garritu, 
unde  et  augurium. 
Bellum,  Aen.  1,22,  /.azd  (hziiffxitn-^,  a  nulla  re  bella. 

cf .  Charis.  p.  276, 15  K.    antiphrasis  .  .  .  ut  bellum  dicitur, 

quod  minime  sit  bellum. 
Donat.  ars  gram.  p.  402,  4  K.    ut  bellum,  hoc  est  minime 
bellum. 
Bidentes,  Aen.  4,  57,  'bidentes'  autem   dictae   sunt   quasi 
biennes,  quia  neque  minores,  neque  maiores  licebat  hostias 
dare,     sunt  etiam  in  ovibus  duo  eminentiores  dentes  inter 
octo,  qui  non  nisi  circa  bimatum  apparent. 
Aen.  6,  39,  'bidentes'  autem  ut  diximus  supra  oves  sunt 

circa  bimatum,  habentes  duos  dentes  eminentiores. 
Servius  here  combines   two  different   derivations.     The 
derivation  from  'annus'  is  mentioned  by  Aulus  Gellius,  who 


16 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


17 


devotes  a  whole  chapter  to  the  word  'bidentes',  and  approved 
by  Nonius  Marcellus. 

cf.  Gell.  XYI  6,  13,  scriptum  invenimus  in  commentariis 

•quibusdam  ad  jus  pontiiicum  pertinentibus,  4ndennes'  primo 

dictas,  *d'  littera  inmissa,  quasi  'biennes',  turn  longo  usu 

loquendi  corruptam  voceni  esse  et  ex  'bidennibus'  'bident'es' 

factum,  quoniam  id  videbatur  esse  dictu  facilius  leniusque. 

Non.  Marc.  Lib.  1,  p.  53  M.  bidentes  qui  existimant  ob 
earn  cansam  oves  a  Yergilio  dictas  quod  duos  dentes  habeant, 

pessime  a  vitio  intellegunt et  melius  intellegi 

potest,  si  bidcnnis  quasi  biennis  dixeris  auctoritate. 

Bruma,  Aen.  2,  472,  dicta  .  .  .  quasi  t^r^/J^  ^//^«/'j  id  est  brevis 
dies. 
G.  1,  211,  hruma  dicta  a  hreinoribus  diehus. 

BuRiS,  G.  1,  170,  quasi  i3od>^  oufta,  quod  sit  in  similitudinem 
caudae  bovis.     alii  .  .  .   :  hiiris  cuitn    id  curveinr,  ante 

igni  domatur,id  est  amhuritur Varro  ait\  totum 

hurim  indici  a?>  iivhe. 

Cadaver,  Aen.  0, 481,  caduci  ...  a  cadendo;  unde  et  cada- 
vera  dicta. 

Aen.  8,  264,  cadaver  est  corpus  nondum  sepultum,  dictum 
cadaver  quod  careat  honore  sepulturae. 

Aen,  11,  143,  sane  haec  corpora  sive  proici  juhehantur 
a  cadendo,  sive  quod  sej^ultura  carehant  * cadavera'* 
dicta. 
Caesaries,  Aen.  1,  590;  8,  659,  a  caedendo  dicta. 

Calamistrum,  Aen.  12,  100,  acus  maior,  quae  calefacta  et 
adhibita  intorqueat  capillos. 

cf.  Varr.  L.L.  V  129,  calamistrum,  quod  his  calfactis  in 
cinere  capillus  ornatur. 

/    Calculus,  G.  2, 180,  dictus,  quod  sine  molestia  sui  brevitate 
calcetur. 

Carcer,  Aen.  1,  54,  dictus  quasi  arcer  ab  arcendo.    G.  3,  104, 
ab  arcendo  dictus. 
Aen.  5,145,  ^carceres'  quasi  *arceres'  secundum  Varronem. 

cf.  Varr.  L.L.  V  151,  carcer  a  coercendo.    V  153,  carceres 
dicti,  quod  coercentur  equi. 


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Varro  at  least  attempted  to  account  for  the  initial  *c'.  To 
Servius  no  such  explanation  would  seem  necessary. 
See  Caulae. 

Casses,  Cassus,  Aen.  2,  85,  cassum  est  quasi  quassum  et  nihil 
continens;  nam  et  vas  quassum,  quod  humor  em  in  se  non 
continet  et  est  vacuum,  unde  et  retia  casses,  quod  multum 
in  se  vacui  haheant.  Aen.  11,  104,  ^cassis'  vacuis:  unde 
et  retia  casses  dicimus,  et  vestimenta  araneorum  casses 
dicuntur. 

cf.  Non.  p.  45,  9  M.  cassum  veteres  inane  posuerunt.  Et 
arbitrandum  est  eius  verbi  proprietatem  magis  ab 
aranearum  cassibus  dictam,  quod  sint  leves  et  nullius 
ponderis,  non,  ut  quibusdam  videtur,  quasi  quassum. 

Castor,  G.  1,  58,  castores  autem  a  castrando  dicti  sunt. 

O.  Keller,  Lateinische  Volksetymologie  und  Verwandtes, 
p.  285,  derives  castrare  from  castor,  citing  an  ancient  belief 
(Cic. Ovid.  Plin.  Juven.  Apulej. )  concerning  the  beaver.  *Also 
castrare  aliquem  heisst  einen  nach  Biberart  behandeln,  seine 
o(r/j'.<i  zerstoeren'. 

Castra,  Aen.  3,  519,  dicta  autem  'castra'  quasi  casta,    vel 
quod  illic  castraretur  libido:  nam  nunquam  his  intererat 
mulier. 
Catus,  Aen.  1,  423,  id  est  ingeniosus  «-(^  't>^>  y.aUfrOai. 

cf.  Donat.  ad  Ter.  Andr.  V  2,  14,  catus:  callidus,  doctus, 
ardens,  T.a()d  zo  xaUtv.  unde  Cato  dictus.  ingeniorum 
enim  igneus  vigor  esse  videtur. 

Caulae,  Aen.  9,  59,  'caulas'  munimenta  et  saepta  ovium. 
est  enim  Graecum  nomen  *c'  detracto:  nam  Graeci  aokd<; 
vocant  animalium  receptacula. 

Servius  evidently  means  to  connect  *caulas'  and  «y/«9 
etymologically,  not  merely  to  j^oint  out  an  interesting  co- 
incidence in  form.  That  the  initial  *c'  in  the  Latin  word  pre- 
sented no  serious  difficulty  to  him  may  be  inferred  from  his 
explanation  of  Caulon,  Aen.  3,  553,  ^A.ulon  mons  est  Cala- 
briae,  etc.',  and  the  comments  on  Cortina,  Aen.  3,  92,  and 
Carcer,  Aen.  1, 54;  5, 145. 


18 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


Cedrl\,  Aen.  6, 180,  cedria  dicta  est  quasi  xaiojLhr,^  opuos^  nyf^ov, 
id  est  arboris  iimor  ardentis. 
Aen.  7,  178,  *e  cedro\     unde  et  cedria. 

Cernulus,  Cernuus,  Aen.  10,  8^  cernuus  equus  dicitur,  qui 
cadit  m  faciem,  quasi  in  earn  partem  cadens  qua  cernimus: 
unde  et  pueri  quos  in  ludis  videmus  ea  parte,  (jua  cernunt, 
stantes,  cernuli  vocantur,  ut  etiam  Varro  in  ludis  tliea- 
tralibus  docet. 
cf.  Non.  p.  21,  2  M.,  cernuus  dicitur  proprie  inclinatus, 

quasi  quod  terrani  cernat. 

Chelydrus,  G.  3,  415,  'chelydri'  dicti  quasi  chersydri,  qui  et 
in  aquis  et  in  terris  morantur:  nam  yjixroj  dicimus  terram, 
aquam  vero  '^'^'w/;. 

Circenses,  Aen.  8,  686,  circenses  dicti  vel  a  circuitu,  vel  quod 

ubi  nunc  metae  sunt,  olim  gladii  ponebantur,  quos  cir- 
'    cumibant.     dicti  autem  circenses  ab  ensibus,  circa  (luos 

currebant. 

G.  3,  18,  circenses  dicti  sunt,  quia  exliibebantur  in  cir- 
cuitu ensibus  positis;  licet  alii  a  circumeundo  dicant 
circenses  vocari. 
Circumvolat,  Aen.  3,  233,  aut  circum  praedam  volat  uncis 

pedibus:  aut  intra  volam  amplectitur  praedam:  unde  et 

involare  etc.     See  Volando. 
Clarigatio,  a.  9,  52,  a  claritate  vocis. 

A.  10,  14,  aut  a  clara  voce  qua  utebatur  pater  patratus,  aut 
a  zA};/>a>,  hoc  est  sorte. 
Classis,  a.  1,  39,  dicta  est  ^/-^  rwv  x«/wv,  id  est  a  lignis.     So 

A.  6,  1. 
Cliens,  a.  6,  609,  si  enim  clientes  quasi  colentes  sunt  etc. 

Cortina,  A.  3,  92,  dicitur  autem  cortina,  vel  quod  Apollinis 
tripos  corio  Pythonis  tectus  est,  vel  quod  certa  illinc 
responsa  funduntur,  quasi  certina,  vel  quod  est  verius, 
quia  cor  illic  vatis  tenetur.  alii  coriinam  quasi  ortinam 
tradunty  quod  inde  vox  oriaiur. 


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Etymologies. 


19 


A.  6,  347,  cortina  dicta  est  aut  quod  cor  teneat,  aut  quod 
tripus  saeptus  erat  corio  serpentis,  ut  diximus  supra: 
aut  certe  secundum  Graecam  etymologiam  on  rij>  xoprj^ 
Tstvsi  rjroi  Tt>drrff£t,  id  est  quod  extendit  puellam,  ut 
'maiorque  videri'. 

CuNABULA,  Buc.  4,  23,  lectuli  in  quibus  infantes  jacere  con- 
sueverunt:  vel  loca,  in  quibus  nascuntur,  quasi  cynabula; 
nam  xt)£i>  est  Graece  niti. 

CuRA,  A.  1,  208;  4,  1,  cura  dicta  ab  eo  quod  cor  urat. 
cf.  Varr.  L.L.  VI  46,  cura  quod  cor  urat. 
Paul.  p.  35,  cura  dicta  est,  quasi  coreda,  vel  quia  cor  urat. 

CURCULIO,  G.  1,  186,  Varro  ait  hoc  nomen  per  antistoechon 
dictum,  quasi  gurgulio,  qiioniam  paene  nihil  est  nisi  guttur. 

Defrutum,  G.  2,  93,  dictum,  quod  defraudatur  et  quasi 
fraudem  patitur. 

Delubrum,  a.  2,  225,  delubrum  dicitur  quod  uno  tecto  plura 
complectitur  numina,  quia  uno  tecto  diluitur,  .  .  .  alii,  id 
Cincius,  dicunt,  delubrum  esse"  locum  ante  templum,  ubi 
aqua  currit,  a  diluendo  {a  de/we?icZo,  Nettleship,  Contrib. 
p.  429.) 

On  A.  4,  56,  a  similar  explanation  is  given  with  this  addi- 
tion: aut  certe  simulacrum  ligneum  delubrum  dicimus, 
a  libro,  hoc  est  raso  ligno  factum,  quod  Graece  ?<>avov 
dicitur. 
Daniel's  Servius  on  A.  2,  225,  attributes  this  explanation 
*a  delibratione  corticis'  to  Masurius  Sabinus,  and  quotes  an- 
other from  Varro,  '  lucrum  divinarum  libro  f  XIX' :  aut  in 
quo  loco  dei  dicatum  sit  simulacrum,  ut  (sicut)  in  quo  figunt 
candelam,  candelabrum  appellant,  sic  in  quo  deum  ponunt, 
delubrum  dicant 

Nettleship,  Lectures  and  Essays,  p.  239,  has  compared  two 
parallel  passages  in  Macrobius  and  Paulus,  and  suggests  a 
possible  inference  as  to  the  source  of  Servius'  information. 
*' Macrobius  (3,  4,  3)  has  one  note,  Paulus,  p.  73,  has  another, 
on  this  word.  But  the  substance  of  both  notes  is  combined 
by  Servius  on  Aen.  2,  225.     Paulus  says  ^delubrum  dicebant 


^ 


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Colorado  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


21 


fustem  delibratiim,  hoc  est  decorticatum,  quern  venerabantur 
pro  deo'.  Servius  not  only  gives  this  explanation,  but  also 
those  quoted  in  Macrobius  from  Varro's  Kerum  Divinarum; 
and  much  the  same  comment  recurs,  with  an  addition,  in 
Servius  on  Aen.  4,  56.  The  impression  left  is  that  both  Ma- 
crobius and  Servius  were  copying  from  an  article  in  Verrius 
Flaccus,  of  which  only  a  short  extract  has  survived  in  the 
epitome  of  Paulus." 
Deus,  a.  12, 139,  nam  quod  graece  '5/»9,  latine  timor  vocatur, 

inde  deus  dictus  est,  quod  oninis  religio  sit  timoris. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  50,  deus  dictus,  (luod  ei  nihil  desit,  .  .  .  sive 
a  Graeco  f'^io^  quod  significat  metum,  eo  quod  homini- 
bus  metus  sit. 
Dm  A,  A.  4,  453,  dira  enim  deorum  ira  est. 

A.  3,  235,  Sabini  et  Umbri,  quae  nos  mala,  dira  appellant. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  49,  dims,  dei  ira  natus. 

Non.  Marc.  p.  30.  14  M.  dirum  .  .  quasi  deorum  ira  in- 
missum . 

Ebur,  a.  1,  592,  ebur  a  barro  dictum,  id  est  elephanto. 
ExTUDERAT,  A.  8,  605,  studiose  fecerat. 

Fatiscunt,  a.  1, 123,  fatiscunt  abundanter  aperiuntur;  *fatim' 
enim  abundanter  dicimus.  unde  et  adfatim,  hiscere  autem 
aperiri. 

Fera,  a.  1,  215,  feras  dicimus  aut  quod  omni  corpore  feruntur, 
aut  quod  naturali  utuntur  libertate  et  pro  desiderio  suo 
feruntur.     So  A.  2,  51. 

V    Flagella,  G.  2,  299,  dicuntur  summae  arborum  partes,  ab  eo 

quod  ventorum  creljros  sustinent  flatus. 

cf.  Varr.  R.K.I,  31,  3,  neque  ex  se  potest  eiicere  vitem, 

quam  vocant  minorem  flagellum,  maiorem  etiam  unde 

uvae  nascuntur,  palmam.    prior,  litera  una  mutata,  de- 

-     clinata  a  venti  flatu,  similiter  flabellum  ac  flagellum. 

Flagrantia,  a.  1,  436,  quotiens  incendium  significatur,  quod 
flatu  alitur,  x)er  T  dicimus,  quotiens  odor,  qui  fracta 
specie  major  est,  per  'r'  dicimus. 


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Flamines,  a.  8,  664;  10,  270,  a  filo  quo  utebantur,  flamines 
dicti  sunt  quasi  filamines. 

cf.  Varr.  L.L.  V  84,  quod  .  .  .  caput  cinctum  habebant 
filo,  flamines  dicti. 

Paul.  p.  62,  Flamen  Dialis  dictus,  quod  filo  assidue  vele- 
tur;  indeque  api^ellatur  flamen,  quasi  filamen. 

Yarro's  explanation  of  this  word  is  now  generally  rejected, 
though  De  Vit  says  it  is  confirmed  by  an  inscription 
*ap.  Gruter.  227,  6'. 

FoEDUS,  A.  1,  62,  dictum  vel  a  fetialibus,  id  est  sacerdotibus 
per  quos  fiunt  foedera,  vel  a  porca  foede,  hoc  est  lapidibus 
occisa,  ut  ipse  'et  caesa  jungebant  foedera  porca'. 

The  same  explanation  is  given  on  Aen.  8,  641  and  Aen.  12, 
109.  On  Aen.  8,  641  Daniel's  Servius  adds:  Cicero 
foedera  a  fide  puiat  dicta.  On  Aen.  4,  242  we  have 
^fetiales  afoedere\ 

cf.  Paul.  p.  59,  foedus  appellatum  ab  eo,  quod  in  pacis- 
cendo  foede  hostia  necaretur.  Virgilius:  'et  caesa 
jungebant  foedera  porca'.  Vel  quia  in  foedere  inter- 
ponatur  fides. 

Formica,  A.  4,  402,  sane  'formica'  dicta  est  ab  eo,  quod  ore 
micas  ferat. 

FoRMOSUS,  A.  1,  359,  formosus  a  forma,  ut  a  specie  speciosus 
etc. 

A.  8,  453,  nam  forvum  est  calidum:  unde  et  formosos  dici- 
mus quibus  calor  sanguinis  ex  rubore  pulchritudinem 
creat. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  59,  Forma  significat  modo  faciem  cuiusque  rei, 
modo  calidam,  ut,  quum  exta,  quae  dantur,  deforma 
appellantur.  Et  Cato  ait  de  quodam  aedificio  aestate 
frigido,  hieme  formido. 

Fores,  A.  1,  449,  fores  proprie  dicuntur  quae  foras  aperiun- 
tur, sicut  apud  veteres  fuit. 

FoRTUiTUS,  A.  6,  179,  sane  'fortuitus'  ab  eundo  est  et  a  for- 
tuna  compositum. 

Fragrantia,  vide  Flagrantia. 


22 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


23 


Fr ATRIA,  A.  7,  286,  Argos  dipsion  .  .  .  ,  apud  quo^  erat 
magna  societas  inter  eos  qui  uno  puteo  utebantur:  unde 
et  fratrias  dixerunt  ar.o  rou  <ppiazo^. 

Frenos,  a.  8,  230,  nam  et  frendere  significat  dentibus  fran- 
gere  .   .  .  .  et  Varro  frenos  hinc  putat  dictos. 

Fundus,  G.  2,  468,  fundus  dicitur  ab  eo,  quod  sit  rerum  om- 
nium fundamentum. 

FuNUS,  A.  1,  727,  funera  dicuntur,  quod  fun^s  incensos  mor- 

tuis  praeferebant.     So  on  A.  6,  224,  and  A.  11,  148,  where 

another  explanation  is  offered:  alii  a  fungendo,  quod  eo 

supremo  in  eo  qui  decessit,  officio  fungimur,  vel  quod  hi 

qui  morhd  sunt  'vita  fundi''  dicuntur. 

cf.  Donat.  ad  Ter.  Andr.  1,  1,  88:  'in  funus':  in  ipsum 

officium  aut  in  pompam  exsequiarum:  quod  a  funali- 

bus  dictimi  est  et  uncis  et  cuneis  candelabrorum,  quibus 

delibuti  funes  cerei  fomites  infiguntur. 

Fur,  Furtum,  A.  2,  18,  nam  et  furtum  ideo  dicitur,  quod 
magispertenehras  admittafur;  undefures  qui  quasi  per 
furvum  tempus,  hoc  est  nigrum,  aliquid  suhripiunt.  So 
A.  9,  348. 

G.  3,  407,  fur  autem  a  furvo  dictus  est,  ....  aut  certe  a 
Graeco  venit;  nam  fur  <f(Ofi  voeatur. 

The  derivation  of  'fur'  from  'furvum'  is  attributed  to 
Yarro  (in  XIV  rerum  divinarum  libro)  by  Gellius, 
1,  18,  4;  to  Yarro  (rerum  humanarum  lib.  XIY.)  by 
Nonius,  p.  50,  9  M.  Gellius  himself  explains  'fur'  as 
the  Latin  representative  of  <f(i>o. 

\i   FuRCiLLAE,  G.  2,  389,  nam  'cillere'  est  movere,  unde  et  fur- 
cillae  dictae  sunt,  quibus  frumenta  cillentur. 

Harena,  a.  1, 172,  quaeritur,  habeat  necne  nomen  hoc  adspi- 
rationem.  Et  Yarro  sic  definit  si  ab  ariditate  dicitur  non 
habet,  si  ab  haerendo,  ut  in  fabricis  videmus,  liabet. 
melior  tamen  est  superior  etymologia. 

Heroas,  B.  4,  35,  quidam  a  terra  dictos  volunt,  quod  terra 
epa  dicta  sit,  unde  initio  nati  creduntur  homines,  qui  nomen 
a  matre  traxerunt. 


A 


/ 


h 


t 


/ 


) 


1 


r 


Inclita,  a.  6,  781,inclita  Graecum  est:  nam  xluro^  gloriosum 
dicunt. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  39,  clutum  Graeci  x/^oro^  dicunt.   Unde  accepta 
praepositione  fit  inclitus. 

Indigenae,  a.  8,  314;  8,  328,  id  est  inde  geniti,  adToy(hryz,\ 

Indigetes,  a.  12,  794,  indigetes  dii  duplici  ratione  dicuntur: 
vel  secundum  Lucretium,  quod  nullius  rei  egeant,  qui  ait 
(II,  650  sc.)  'nihil  indiga  curae'  ...  vel  certe  indigetes 
sunt  dii  ex  hominibus  facti,  et  dicti  indigetes  quasi  in  diis 
agentes.  The  fuller  version  adds:  vel  quod  nos  deorum 
indigeamus  .  .  .  ,  alii  patrios  deos  indigetes  did  debere 
tradunt,  alii  ah  invocatione  indigetes  didos  volunt,  quod 
*indigeto'  estprecor  et  invoco. 

G.  1,  498,  indigetes  proprie  sunt  dii  ex  hominibus  facti, 
quasi  in  diis  agentes,  abusive  omnes  generaliter,  quasi 
nullius  rei  egentes. 
An  incorrect  form  Indigens  appears  in  a  Pompeian  in- 
scription, C.  I.  L.  Vol.  1,  p.  283,  ujDon  which  the  editor 
remarks:  '  Indigens  pro  indiges  hoc  solo  loco  reperitur, 
ni  fallor  ex  fabrili  errato'. 

Inferiae,  a.  10,  519;  11,  81,  inferiae  sunt  sacra  mortuorum, 
quod  inferis  solvuntur. 

Insertas,  a.  3, 152,  aut  clatratas;  aut  non  seratas,  ut  sit  quasi 
insertas  id  est  non  clausas,  et  dictum  quomodo  .  .  .  'con- 
postus'  pro  'conpositus'  .  .  .  vel  ' insertas  fenestras'"  quas 
lumine  suo  tuna  inseruerat,  ab  inserendo,  quod  se  per 
rimas  insereret. 

Instaurata,  a.  2,  15,  'instar'  autem  est  ad  similitudinem : 
unde  non  restaurata  sed  instaurata  dicuntur  aedificia  ad 
antiquam  similitudinem  facta. 

cf .  Paul.  p.  79,  instaurari  ab  instar  dictum,  cum  aliquid  ad 
pristinam  similitudinem  reficitur. 

Macrob.  Sat.  I  11,  5,  .  .  .  isque  instauratitius  dictus  est, 
...  a  redintegratione,  ut  Yarroni  placet,  qui  instaurare 
ait  esse  instar  novare. 


24 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


25 


'Instaurare'  may  be  cognate  with  ^iiistar',  but  is  hardly 
derived  from  it. 
Involare,  a.  3,  233;  G.  2,  88,  involare  dicimus  intra  volam 

tenere.     See  Volando. 
Irritum,  a.  7,  421,  in  cassum  id  est  in  irritiim:   incassum 

autem  tractum  est  a  oassibus,  id  est  a  retibus. 

Jubar,  a.  4,  130,  proprie  'jubar'  lucifer  dic-itur,  quod  jubas 
lucis  eifundit:  est  autem  lucifer  interdum  lovis:  nam  et 
antiqui  'juhar'  quasi  'jiivar^  dicrhant 

Juniper,  B.  7, 53,  Verrius  Flaccus  juniperum  juvenem  pirum 
ait. 

AAO/^  G.  1,  63,  nam  et  Graece  populi  /^j  dicuntur  a  lapidi- 

bus. 

The  resemblance  between  /«'>9  people  and  Aaa?  stone  is 
implied  in  Hom.  II.  XXIV  611,  ?Moh'i  ok  /Mhiw^  Tzoixjfre 
h'f)o>tu)v,  and  Pindar  explains  the  word  from  the  legend 

of   Deucalion,  0.9,  (jiy^    x7'.(T(Td^0a.>   UOi\>ov    yovov    Aa(n    d' 

Latex,  A.  1,  68(),  proprie  aqua  est  ab  eo  quod  intra  terrae 
venas  lateat. 

This  derivation  is  accepted  by  Stowasser,  Dunkle  Woerter, 
p.  5,  *Richtig  schon  Isidor  XIII  20,  latex  proprie  liquor  fontis, 
quod  in  terra  lateat '.  It  is  surely  better  to  regard  latex  as 
the  Latin  representative  of  /ar«|,  with  which  it  is  sound  for 
sound  identical. 

Latrones,  a.  12,  7,  est  Graecum;  nam  Xar p^o^v^  dicunt  obse- 
qui  et  servire  mercede,  unde  latrones  vocantur  conducti 
milites.  Varro  tamen  dicit,  hoc  nomen  posse  habere 
etiam  Latinam  etymologiam,  ut  latrones  dicti  sint  quasi 
laterones,  quod  circa  latera  regum  sunt,  quos  nunc  satel- 
lites vocant.  l( drones,  ah  laiendo. 
The  same  three  derivations  are  mentioned  by  Varro,  L.L. 

VII  52. 
cf.  Paul.  p.  85,  Latrones  antiqui  eos  dicebant,  qui  con- 
ducti militabant,  a^d   zjf^  Urfnia^.     At  nunc  viaruni 
obsessores  dicuntur,  quod  a  latere  adoriuntur,  vel  quod 
latenter  insidiantur. 


A 


\ 


I'/t 


{\ 


Legumen,  G.  1,  74,  dicitur  quod  manu  legatur  nee  sectionem 
requirat. 

G.  1,  199,  ^manu  legeret';  hinc  quidam  volunt  dictum 
legumen. 

LiTUS,  A.  2,  557,  quod  autem  Donatus  dicit,  Vitus'  locum 
esse  ante  aras,  a  litando  dictum:  vel  quod  lituo  illud  spa- 
fium  designatur,  ratione  caret:  nam  a  litando  'li'  brevis 
est,  et  stare  non  potest  versus. 
A.  5,  163,  'litus'  est  omne  quod  aqua  adluitur. 
cf.  Sueton.  reliqu.  p.  244,  5  Reiffers.,  litus,  quidquid  aqua 
adluitur. 

Lucus,  A.  1,  22,  lucus  a  non  lucendo. 

A.  1,  441,  'lucus'  autem  dicitur  quod  non  luceat,  non  quod 

sint  ibi  lumina  causa  religionis,  ut  quidam  volunt. 
cf.  Quintil.  1,  6,  34  etiamne  a  contrariis  aliqua  sinemus 

trahi,  ut  'lucus',  quia  umbra  opacus  parum  luceat,  et 

"Indus',  quia  sit  longissime  a  lusu,  etc. 
Charis.  p.  276,  15  K.,  antiphrasis  .  .  .  ut  bellum  .  .  .  et 

lucus,  quod  minime  luceat. 
Diomed.  p.  462,  15  K.,  antiphrasis  .  .  .  ut  bellum  .  .  .  et 

lucus,  quod  minime  luceat. 

LuGENTES  (campi),  A.  6,  441,  quasi  'lucis  egentes'. 

Lustrum,  A.  1,  607,  aut '  lustrabant '  inumbrabant,  unde  lustra 
et  ferarum  cubilia  et  lupanaria  per  contrarium  dicimus, 
quia  parimi  inlustrantur. 

Mactare,  a.  4,  57,  'mactant'  verbum  sacrorum,  xar  ed<frjru(Tfidv 
dictum,  ut  adolere,  nam  'mactare'  proprie  est  'magis 
augere'. 

cf .  Paul.  p.  90,  mactus  magis  auctus. 
Sueton.  reliqu.  p.  275  R.  mactatum  autem  quasi  magis 

auctum, 
Non.  p.  341,  16,  mactare  est  magis  augere. 

Magmentum,  a.  4,  57,  quasi  niaius  augmcntum. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  91,  magmentatum*,  magis  augmentatum. 


/ 


26 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


Malus,  a.  e5,  487,  dietus  est,  vel  quia  habet  instar  mali  in 
summitate,  vel  quia  quasi  quibusdam  nialis  ligneis  cingi- 
tur,  quorum  volubilitate  vela  facilius  elevantur. 

Manes,  A.  1,  139,  'manum'  enim  antiqui  bonum  dicebaut,  .  . 
unde  .  .  .  per  antiphrasin  *  manes'  inferi,  quia  non  sint 
boni. 

♦ 

On  Aen.  3,  63,  the  explanation  z«r«  a.>r i<fpa(rvj  is  repeated, 
and  another  mentioned:  alii  manes  a  manando  dietos 
intellegunt:  nam  animabus  plena  sunt  loca  inter  luna- 
rem  et  terrenum  circulum,  unde  et  defluunt. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  87,  inferi  di  manes,  ut  subpliciter  appellati 
bono  essent,  et  in  carmine  Saliari  Cerus  manus  intel- 
legitur  creator  bonus,  cf.  Fest.  Qu.  VIII  38;  Paul, 
p.  131. 

Paul.  p.  149,  Manes  di  ab  auguribus  vocabantur,  quod  eos 
per  omnia  manare  credebant,  eosque  deos  superos 
atque  inferos  dicebant. 

Medius  Fidius,  A.  8,  275,  'communem  deum'  inter  deos  atque 
homines:  unde  medius  fidius  dietus. 

A.  4,  204,  ut  Sallustius  'quam  medius  fidius  veram  licet 
mecum  recognoscas ' :  id  est  sis  dicfis  wccUiis:  fidius 
id  est  J£o?  i>fw9,  lovis  filiiis,  id  est  Hercules,  medium 
dixit  testem. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  131,  Medius  fidius  conpositum  videtur  et  sig- 
nificare  lovis  filius,  id  est  Hercules,  quod  lovem  Graece 
Jj'a  et  nos  lovem,  ac  fidium  pro  filio,  quod  saepe  antea 
pro  L  littera  D  utebantur.  Quidam  existimant  jusju- 
randum  esse  per  divifidem:  quidam  perdiurni  temporis, 
id  est  diei  fidem. 

Mustela,  a.  2,  468;  9,  744,  4elum'  dictum  a  longitudine: 
unde  et  mustela  dicitur,  quasi  mus  longus. 

Oppetere,  a.  1,  96,  ore  terram  petere,  id  est  mori. 

Orichalcum,  a.  12,  87,  quod  et  splendorem  auri  et  aeris  duri- 
tiam  possideret. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  7,  aurichalcum  vel  orichalcum  quidam  putant 
conpositum  ex  aere  et  auro,  sive  quod  colorem  habeat 


X 


<\ 


1 


1/ 


V 


Etymologies.  27 

aureum.     Orichalcum  sane  dicitur,  quia  in  montuosis 
locis  invenitur.     Mons  etenim  Graece  opo<i  appellatur. 

Oscilla,  G.  2,  389,  dicta  sunt  ab  eo,  quod  in  his  cillerentur, 
id  est  moverentur  ora:  nam  'cillere'  est  movere.  oscilla 
autem  dicta,  sive  quoniam  capita  et  ora  hostium  in  sum- 
mis  perticis  figebantur,  sive  quia  hunc  lusum  Osci  dicun- 
tur  frequenter  exercuisse  et  rem  per  Italiam  sparsisse. 

Ostium,  A.  6, 43,  nam  Vitruvius  qui  de  architectonica  scripsit, 
ostium  dicit  per  quod  ab  aliquo  arcemur  ingressu  ab  ob- 
stando  dictum,  aditum  ab  adeundo,  per  quem  ingredimur. 

"  Falso  Servius '  ostium  .  .  .  ingredimur '  Vitruvio  tribuit " ; 
Thilo. 
Paganus,  G.  2,  382,  "pagi'  a-o  zwv  ny^wv,  i.  e.  a  fontibus,  circa 
quos  villae  consueverant  condi:  unde  et  pagani  dicti  sunt, 
quasi  ex  uno  fonte  potantes. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  121,  pagani  a  pagis  dicti.    pagi  dicti  a  fontibus 

quod   eadeni    aqua   uterentur.     Aquae   enim    lingua 

Dorica  -a^wr  appellantur. 

Palaestra,  G.  2,  531,  vel  a-o  r/;?  ra/>j9,  id  est  a  luctatione, 

vel  a'o  TOO  ra/A££>,  hoc  cst  a  motu  urnae,  nam  ducti  sorte 

luctantur. 

On  Aen.  8,  138,  the  fuller  version  tells  the  story  of  the 

Arcadian  princess  Palaestra,  who  disclosed  to  Mercury 

the  nature  of  her  brothers'  athletic  contests,  for  which 

reason  all  wrestling  was  known  by  her  name. 

V  Passum,  G.  2,  93,  dicitur  a  patiendo;  nam  decoquitur  mustum 

et  inde  fit  passum. 

cf.  Non.  p.  551,  22,Varro  de  vita  populi  Komani  lib.  I: 
passam    nominabant,    si   in   vindemia    uvam    diutius 
coctam  legerent  eamque  passi  essent  in  sole  aduri. 
^/Pausia,  G.  2,  86,  a  paviendo  dicta,  id  est  tundendo;  aliter 
enim  ex  se  oleum  non  facit. 
Pecus,  a.  1,  435,  a  pascendo. 
Pernix,  G.  3,  230,  a  pernitendo  tractum  est. 

It  seems  much  better,  with  Vanicek  and  Wharton,  to  de- 
rive pernix  from  perna, '  strong  in  the  ham ' .     For  term. 


28 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


29 


cf.  fel-ix.    In  the  old  etymology  it  is  hard  to  see  what 
becomes  of  the  't'  of  nitor. 

PoLLiNCTORES,  A.  9,  485^  qui  mortuis  os  polline  ohlinehcmf. 

PoRRiciAM,  A.  5,  238,  id  est  porro  iaciam. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  273,  poriciam  porro  iaciam. 

PosTUMUS,  A.  B,  763,  postumus  est  post  humationem  parentis 
creatns. 

cf.  Varr.  L.  L.  9, 60,  postumus  .  .  post  patris  mortem  natus. 

Fest.  Qu.  XII  8,  p.  306,  postumus  cognominatur  post 
patris  mortem  natus. 

Caesellius  Vindex  ap.  Gell.  II  16,  5,  'postuma  proles*  non 
eum.sii^nificat,  qui  patre  mortuo,  sed  qui  postremo  loco 
natus  est  sicuti  Silvius,  qui  Aenea  iam  sene  tardo 
seroque  partu  est  editus. 

v/Preciae;,  G.  2, 95,  quasi  praecoquae,  quod  ante  alias  coquantur. 
Procul,  a.  3,  13,  'procur  est  quasi  porro  ab  oculis. 

A.  6,  10,  procul  enim  et  quod  prae  oculis  est,  et  quod 
porro  ab  oculis. 

Pruna,  a.  11,  788,  a  perurendo  dicta  est. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  283,  pruina  dicta,  quod  fruges  ac  virgulta 
perurat. 

Recinus,  a.  1,  282,  recinus  autem  dicitur  ab  eo,  quod  post 
tergum  reicitur,  quod  vulgo  maforte  dicunt. 

cf.Yarr,  L.  L.  V  132,  ab  reiciendo  ricinium  dictum. 

RiRA,  A.  1,  430,  Graece  uftoofta  dicuntur.  aphaeresis  ergo 
sermonem  fecit  Latinum. 

Sancire,  a.  12,  200,  'Sancire'  autem  proprie  est  sanctum 
aliquid,  id  est  consecratum  facere  fuso  sanguine  hostiae: 
et  dictum  sanctum,  quasi  sanguine  consecratum. 

ScopuLUS,  A.  1,  180,  id  est  specula. 

A.  1,  4o,  aut  a  speculando  dictus,  aut  a  tegimento  navium 


iiTZo  TOO  ffxsTzdZst'^. 


ScuTRA,  G.  1,  110,  .  .  .  scatebris  biillHionibus,     unde  vulgo 

vasa,  ubi  calida  soletfier'i  scuirae  appellant ur, 
Securis,  a.  1,  292,  quasi  semicuris. 


\ 


V 


1 


Segnis,  a.  1, 423;  2, 374,  id  est  sine  igni.  [Cf.  the  explanation 
of  Catus  quoted  above.] 

This  etymology  is  doubtful  at  best,  and,  unless  Servius 
means  only  *  se  igni ',  it  is  phonetically  impossible.  Sto- 
wasser,  Dunkle  Woerter,  pt.  10,  quotes  Isid.  or.  X  19 
{segnis  aus  se  igne)  in  support  of  his  explanation  of 
*prospere'. 

Senatores,  a.  h,  758,  senatores  autem  alii  a  senecta  aetate, 
alii  a  sinendo  dictos  accipiunt. 

A.  1,  426,  legitur  apud  quosdam,  Brutum  eos  qui  se  in 
eiciendis  regibus  iuvissent  legisse  in  consilium,  eumque 
ordinem  senatum  appellatum,  quod  una  sensissent, 
....  alii  senatum  a  senectutehominum^fquibiallecti 
erant,  dictum  volunt,  qui  apud  Graecos  y^poo«7ia  appel- 
latur. 

Sepultus,  a.  3,  41,  'sepulto'  mo^o  mortuo  vet  jacenti  signifi- 
cat  .  .  ;  nam  sepultus  est  quasi  sine  pulsu.  non  enim 
hunc  sepultum  possumus  dicere,  cum  sepultura  non  sit  in 
hoc  rite  facta,  sed  fortuita  sit  obrutus  terra, 
cf .  Donat.  ad  Ter.  Andr.  1,  1,  101,  Sepulcrum  /-ar  d^ziippa- 
(Tvj,  ut  diximus,  quod  sine  re  pulcra  sit:  an  quod  ibi  sine 

pulsu  sint,  id  est,  mortui? sepulcrum  enim  a 

sepeliendo  dictum. 

SiNiSTRUM,  A.  2,  693,  a  sinendo  dictum. 

cf.  Fest.  Qu.  XV  13,  p.  502,  Sinistrae  aves  sinistrumque 
est  fsinistimum  auspicium,  id  quod  sinat  fieri. 

Solium,  A.  1,  506,  dictum  quasi  solidum. 

A.  7,  169.  secundum  aliquos  a  soliditate  dictum,  secundum 
Asprum  per  antistoechon,  quasi  sodium  a  sedendo. 

Sparus,  a.  11,  682,  Varro  ait  sparum  telum  missile,  a  piscibus 
ducta  similitudine,  qui  spari  vocantur.  alii  'sparus'  a 
spargendo  dici  putant. 

cf.  Paul.  p.  489,  spara  parvissimi  generis  iacula  a  spar- 
gendo dicta. 

Stella,  A.  5,  42,  poetice  dixit:  nam  si  stella  a  stando  dictae 
sunt,  non  fugantur;  semper  enim  fixae  sunt  praeter  pla- 
netas. 


30 


CoLOKADO  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


31 


SuDUM,  A.  8,  529,  est  quasi  sub  udum,  serenum  post  pluvias, 
ut  ver  sudum.  alii  ^sudum'  seniiudum  volunt  did,  cum 
per  nubes  ad  nos  perveniat  solis  ictus  non  integer. 

Telum,  a.  2,  468,  telum  enim  dicitur  secundum  Graecam 
etymologiam  «-''  t«5  tt^XoOev,  quidquid  longe  iaci  potest. 
So  on  Aen.  8,  249;  9,  507;  9,  744 

cf .  Fest.  Qu.  XVI  8,  p.  556,  Tela  proprie  dici  videntur  ea, 
quae  missilia  sunt,  ex  Graeco  videlicet  translato  eorum 
nomine,  quoniam  illi  rrj/jtOcv  missa  dicunt  quae  nos 
enniusf. 

Territorium,  a.  5,  755,  dictum  quasi .  terriborium  tritum 
bubus  et  aratro. 

cf.  Varr.  L.  L.  V  21,  Terra  dicta  ab  eo,  ut  Aelius  scribit, 

quod  teritur Territorium  quod  maxime  teri- 

tur. 

Torus,  Aen.  5,  388,  'torus'  a  tortis  dictus  est  herbis.  So  on 
Aen.  2,  2;  1,  708. 

cf.  Non.  11,  11,  Tororum  et  toralium  designator  est  Varro 
de  vita  pop.  Rom.  lib.  I:  quod  fronde  lecticae  strue- 
bantur,  ex  eo  herba  torta  torum  appellatum. 

[cf.,  however,  Varr.  L.L.  V  167  Torus  a  torvo,  quod  is  in 
promptu.] 

TuMULTUS,  A.  2,  486;  8,  1,  dictus  quasi  timor  multus. 

cf.  Cic.  Phil.  VIII  1,  3,  quid  est  enim  aliud  tumultus  nisi 
perturbatio  tanta,  ut  maior  timor  oriatur?  unde  etiam 
nomen  ductum  est  tumultus. 

-Tus,  G.  1,  57,  sane  'tus'  modo  sine  aspiratione  dicimus;  nam 
antiqui  *  thus' dicebantwTTo  TOf)  ^££'o6»:  quoddispiicuit;  tura 
enim  a  tundendo  dicta  esse  voluerunt,  a  glebis  tunsis,  cum 
quibus  dicitur  fluens  de  arboribus  coalescere. 

cf.  Charis.  p.  75,  13  K.,  tus  a  tundendo  sine  adspiratione 
dicitur,  quamvis  lulius  Modestus  a^ro  r«t>  Onsiv  tractum 
dicat. 

Urbs,  a.  1,  12,  urbs  dicta  ab  orbe,  quod  antiquae  civitates  in 
orbem  fiebant;  vel  ab  urvo,  parte  aratri,  quo  muri  desig- 
nabantur. 


/ 


^ 


\. 


';> 


r 


cf.  Varr.  L.L.  V  143,  quare  et  oppida,  quae  prius  erant 
circumducta  aratro,  ab  orbe  et  urvo  urbes. 

vUri,  G.  2,  374,  dicti  'uri'  d-d  z<hv  6fjia}>j  id  est  a  montibus. 

Vates,  a.  3,  443,  vates  a  vi  mentis  appellatos,  Varro  auctor 
est. 

cf.  Varr.  L.L.  VII  36,  antiqui  poetas  Vates  appellabant  a 
versibus  viendis. 

Venenum,  a.  1,  688,  venenum  dictum  quod  per  venas  eat. 
A.  4,  2,  quia  per  venas  amor  currit  .  .   .  sicut  venenum. 

Verbenae,  a.  12,  120,  quidam  sane  ver  is  proximi  herhas 
verbenas  dicunt 

Buc.  8,  65,  a  viriditate  verbenae  appellantur. 

Vestibulum,  a.  2,  469,  vel   quod   ianuam   vestiat,  ...  vel 
quoniam  Vestae  consecratum  est. 

A.  6,  273,  vestibulum  ut  Varro  dicit,  etymologiae  non 
habet  proprietatem,  sed  fit  pro  captu  ingenii:  nam 
vestibulum,  ut  supra  diximus,  dictum  ab  eo,  quod 
ianuam  vestiat.  alii  dicunt  a  Vesta  dictum  per  inmi- 
nutionem:  nam  Vestae  limen  est  consecratum.  alii 
dicunt  ab  eo,  quod  nullus  illic  stet;  in  limine  enim 
solus  est  transitus:  quomodo  vesanus  dicitur  non  sanus, 
sic  vestibulum  quasi  non  stabulum. 

Sulpicius  Apollinaris,  quoted  with  approval  by  Gellius 
XVI  5,  derives  vestibulum  from  ve  -|-  stabulum,  but 
gives  a  different  force  to  the  prefix.  Nonius,  p.  53, 
prefers  this  explanation  to  that  from  Vesta. 

Victim  A,  Aen.  1,  334,  victimae  .  .  .  sacrificia  quae  post  vic- 
toriam  fiunt. 

cf.  Fest.  Qu.  XVI  25,  p.  562,  victimam  Aelius  Stilo  ait 
esse  vitulum  ob  eius  vigorem.  alii  aut  quae  vincta  ad- 
ducatur  ad  altare  aut  quae  ob  hostis  victos  immoletur. 

ViPERA,  G.  3,  416,  quae  vi  parit. 

ViRGA,  A.  4,  242,  dicta  quod  vi  regat. 

Virgo,  Buc.  3,  30;  6,  47,  a  viridiore  aetate. 


82 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


33 


ViiiosA,  G.  1,  58,  dicta  ab  eo,  quod  est  virus;  alii  fortia  ac- 

cipiunt  a  viribus. 
ViTULA,  Buc.  3,  30,  a  viridiore  aetate  dicta. 

A.  ly  533,     Graeci  hoves  iraXoh^,  nos  vifidos  dicirrDiS. 
VoLANDO,  A.  6,  198,  alii  Wolando'  anibulando  dicunt:    vola 

enim  dicitur  media  pars  pedis  sive  maims. 

cf.  Non.  Marc.  p.  32,  31  M.,  involare  est  inruere,  insilire, 
aut  a  volatu  aut  a  vola,  id  est  media  manu,  dictum. 


PROPER  NAMES. 

No  part  of  a  lan<>:ua^e  allows  freer  play  to  popular  etymol- 
ogizing than  its  proper  names,  for  no  part  of  a  language  is 
more  difficult  to  explain.  Bervius  himself  appreciated  in 
some  measure  the  difficulty  of  this  part  of  his  task.  On  Aen. 
7,  678,  he  says  that  it  is  not  surprising  that  many  conflicting 
explanations  are  offered  for  ancient  Italian  names,  'nam  an- 
tiquitas  ipsa  creavit  errorem'.  On  Aen.  1,  273,  Daniel's  8er- 
vius  quotes  a  great  many  explanations  of  the  name  'Roma'. 
These  are  prefaced  by  the  remark:  sed  deorigine  et  condiiorc 
iirhis  diversa  a  diversis  traduntur.  Accordingly,  many  such 
words  as  Argiletum  (Aen.  8,  345);  Aventinus  (Aen.  7,  657); 
Palatinus  (Aen.  8,  51)  are  provided  with  several  etymologies 
each. 

i'vNo  attempt  is  here  made  to  pronounce  upon  all  Servius' 
explanations  of  proper  names,  but  the  following  brief  list  will 
show  most  of  the  phases  of  popular  etymologizing  which  are 
to  be  expected  in  an  ancient  commentary  upon  words  of  this 
class.  "False  etymologies  are  of  themselves  the  fruitful 
causes  of  myths"  (Sayce,  Science  of  Language,  Vol.  II,  }\ 
259).  ''The  eponymous  heroes  from  whom  tribes  and  nations 
have  been  supposed  to  derive  their  names  owe  their  existence 
to  the  same  popular  etymologizing  etc."  \_Ibid.p.  247.^  In 
our  commentary  myths  are  recounted  ad  nanseam,  and  the 
hero  eponymous  appears  on  almost  every  page.  Sometimes 
these  ancient  tales  are  rejected  as  fabulous,  and  rational  ex- 
planations inserted  to  replace  them.    Thus  Servius  explains 


V 


i 


\ 


I 


1 


//rj; 


away  the  stories  of  the  origin  of  the  Myrmidones  (Aen.  2,  7), 
the  strange  birth  of  Orion  (Aen.  1,  535),  and  of  Minotaurus 
(Aen.  6,  14),  the  she-wolf  that  suckled  Romulus  and  Remus 
(Aen.l,  273),  etc.^ 

In  any  language  foreign  words  are  especially  liable  to  cor- 
ruption, cf.  Paul.  p.  13,  'Alumento  pro  Laumedonte  a  vete- 
ribus  Romanis  necdum  adsuetis  Graecae  linguae  dictum  est. 
sic  Melo  pro  Nilo,  Catamitus  pro  Ganymede,  Alphius  pro 
Alplieo  dicebatur'.  See  also  Paul.  p.  6  (v.  Alcedo);  p.  31 
(v.  Catamitum);  p.  89  (v.  Melo).  If  a  language  could  repre- 
sent ravofxrjdrj^  by  Catamitus,  ^£fj.i^^rj  by  Stimula,  it  is  not  sur- 
prising to  find  its  ancient  commentators  offering  numerous 
popular  etymologies  for  its  proper  names^and  especially  for 
names  of  foreign  origin — as  they  manfully  tried  to  assign 
meanings  to  these  unintelligible  words  by  deriving  them  from 
words  of  similar  sound.  Many  of  these  explanations  are 
obviously  suggested  by  well  known  peculiarities  of  climate, 
product,  or  character. 

Finally  may  be  mentioned  one  or  two  examples  of  a  '  per- 
verse ingenuity',  which  discovers  a  certain  appropriateness 
in  the  names  of  some  of  the  actors  in  the  Aeneid.  Not  con- 
tent with  the  statement  on  Aen.  12,  391,  "lapix,  aptum  nomen 
medico;  nam  tdtrOai  Graeci  dicunt  curare,"  Servius  has  two 
curious  comments  on  Achates'  name,  on  Aen.  1,  174  and 
1,  312.     For  these  see  the  first  word  in  the  following  list. 

Achates,  Aen.  1,  312,  diximus  quaeri,  cur  Achates  Aeneae  sit 
comes.  Varia  quidem  dicuntur,  melius  tamen  hoc  fingi- 
tur,  ut  tractum  nomen  sit  a  Graeca  etymologia.  «/'>?  enim 
dicitur  sollicitudo,  quae  regum  semper  est  comes. 
Aen.  1,  174,  adlusit  ad  nomen.  nam  achates  lapidis  spe- 
cies est :  bene  ergo  ipsum  dicit  ignem  excussisse.  unde 
etiam  Achatem  eius  comitem  dixit. 

Acheron,  Aen.  6,  107,  quasi  sine  gaudio. 

Acid  ALIA,  Aen.  1,  720,  Acidalia  Yenus  dicitur  vel  quia  inicit 
curas,  quas  Graeci  axuJa<s  dicunt,  vel  certe  a  fonte  Acidalio 
qui  est  in  Orchomeno  ..... 


34 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


Etymologies. 


35 


Africa,  Aen.  6,  312,  .  .  .  apricis,  quasi  arep  <ppUTj^,ide8tsine 
f rigore ;  unde  non  nulli  et  Af ricam  dictam  volunt. 

Aen.  5, 128,  'apricum'  autem  quasi  aveu  <fpUrj?,  sine  frigore: 

inde  et  Africa,  quod  est  calidior. 
cf.  Paul.  p.  2,  apricum  locum  a  sole  apertum  a  Graeco 
vocabulo  (fpUrj  appellatum,  quasi  d<fptxrj?,  id  est  sine 
horrore,  videlicet  f rigoris,  unde  etiam  putatur  et  Africa 
appellari. 
Amazon,  Aen.  1,  490,  dictae  vel  quod  simul  vivant  sine  viris, 
quasi  «>«  Cw/ra^,  vel  quod  unam  mammam  exustam  habe- 
ant,  quasi  a'^^u  /la^ou. 

Aen.  11,  651,  nam  hoc  est  Amazon,  quasi  «v£t>  /xaC^D,  sine 
mamma. 
Arcturus,  Aen.  1,  744;  G.  1,  67,  quasi  apxzou  oopd. 
Charon,  Aen.  6,  299,  xarri  w.ziippaavj,  quasi  «/^/c>a>v. 

The  resemblance  between  the  words  yaipay^^  and  Xdputv  was 
snflacient  for  a  Greek  pun  ( Ar.  Ran.  184,  '/,aXp  a>  A'dpwv)^ 
but  Servius'  rule  for  agreement  of  quantity  should 
have  prevented  him  from  connecting  them  etymologi- 
cally. 
CuMAE,  Aen.  3,  441;  6,  2,  vel  dzd  rcDv  xofjArw^,  vel  a  gravidae 
mulieris  augurio,  quae  Graece  fyxuo^  dicitur. 

Cybele,  Aen.  3,  111,  'Cybeli'  id  est  montis  Phrygiae,  a  quo 

et  Cvbele  dicta  est.     alii .a  Cybelo  sacerdote, 

....  alii  drtd  Tou  xulSifTzav  rr^v  x£f  «/ryv,  id  est  a  capitis  rota- 

tione. 
Etruria,  Aen.  10,  164,  ah  Etrusco  principe. 

Aen.  11, 598,  Etruria  dicta  est,  quod  eius  fines  tendebantur 

usque  ad  ripam  Tiberis,  quasi  irepoopta-,  nam  irspov  est 

alterum,  o/>"9  finis  vocatur. 

Hecate,  Aen.  4,  511,  qnidam  Hecaten  dictam  esse  tradunt, 

quod  eadem  et  Diana  sit  et  Proserpina,  dr.o  rwv  ixaripoiv: 

vel  quod  Apollinis  soror  sif,  qui  est  ixazrjtSoAo'^. 

Hyades,  Aen.  1,  744,  hyades  stellae  sunt  in  fronte  tauri,  quae 
quotiens  nascuntur  pluvias  creant:  unde  et  Graece  odde^ 
dictae  sunt  dTzd  zuu  ueiv,  Latine  suculae  a  suco   .   .    .   alii 


{ 


X 


)/ 


dicunt  hyadas  dictas  vel  ab  ^  littera  vel  dr.o  zou  ud?,  id  est 
sue,  in  cuius  formatae  sunt  faciem.  The  same  three  ex- 
planations are  given  on  G.  1,  138.  Daniel's  Servius  adds 
on  Aen.  1,  744,  quidam  hyadas  ah  Hyante  fratre  etc. 
cf.  Cic.  N.  D.  II 43,  §  111;  Tullius  Tiro  ap.  Gell.  XIII  9,  4; 
Plin.  N.  H.  XVIII  26,  §  247. 

Iris,  Aen.  5,  606;  9,  2;  Iris  dicta  quasi  £>£9. 
Ianus,  Aen.  7,  610,  quidam  lanum  Eanum  dicunt  ah  eundo. 
cf .  Cic.  N.  D.  II  27,  67,  lanum   .    .    .    ,  quod  ab  eundo 
nomen  est  ductum. 
lovEM,  Aen.  1,  47,  lovem  autem  a  iuvando  dixerunt.     See 

lUPPITER. 

luNO,  Aen.  1,  4,  cum  a  iuvando  dicta  sit  luno  etc. 

cf.  Varr.  L.L.  V  67,  dicta  quod  una  cum  love  iuvat,  luno. 
Cic.  N.  D.  II  26,  66,  Sed  lunonem  a  iuvando  credo  nomi- 
natam. 
luPPlTER,  Aen.  4,  638,  'luppiter'  iuvans  pater. 

cf.  Cic.  N.  D.  II  25,  64,  sed  ipse  luppiter  id  est  '  iuvans 
pater',  quem  conversis  casibus  appellamus  a  iuvando 
lovem. 
Gell.  V  12,  4,  lovem  Latini  veteres  a  iuvando  appellavere, 
eundemque  alio  vocabulo  iuncto  'patrem'  dixerunt. 
Nam  quod  est  elisis  aut  inmutatis  quibusdam  litteris 
*Iupiter',  id  plenum  atque  integrum  est 'lovispater'. 

Kponos,  Aen.  3,  104,  quasi  A>«v«9. 

cf.  Cic.  N.  D.  II  25,  64,  A>.;vo9  enim  dicitur,  qui  est  idem 
'/po>o^^  id  est  spatium  temporis. 

Lenaeus,  Aen.  4,  207;  G.  2,  4,  dxd  zoo  kyjuod.  In  each  passage 
Servius  rejects  Donatus'  explanation,  mentioning  him  by 
name  in  the  second:  nam  quod  Donatus  dicit  ab  eo,  quod 
mentem  deleniat,  non  procedit;  nee  enim  potest  Graecum 
nomen  Latinam  etymologiam  recipere. 

Liber,  Aen.  4,  638,  a  libertate. 

G.  1,  166,  ab  eo,  quod  liberet,  dictus. 


36 


Colorado  College  Studies. 


G.  1,  7,  qiinmvis  Sahini  Cererem  Pandam  cqypelleni, 
Libei'um  Loebasium,  dictum  autcw,  quia  graece  ^otj^ij 
dicitur  res  divina, 

Libya,  Aen.  1,  22,  dicta  autem  Libya  vel  quod  inde  libs  flat, 
hoc  est  africus,  vel,  ut  Varro  ait,  quasi  AlUlllA^  id  est 
egens  pluviae. 

LuPERCAL,  Aen.  8,  843,  sub  monte  Palatino  est  quaedam 
spelunca,  in  qua  de  capro  luebatur,  id  est  sacrificabatur: 
unde  et  lupercal  non  nulli  dictum  putant.  alii  quod  illic 
lupa  Remum  et  Romulum  nutrierit:  alii,  quod  et  Ver- 
gilius,  .  .  .  ergo  ideo  et  Evander  deo  gentis  suae  sacravit 
locum  et  nominavit  lupercal,  quod  praesidio  ipsius  nu- 
minis  lupi  a  pecudibus  arcerentur. 

M  AEN  ALA,  G.  1,  17,  mons  Arcadiae,  dictus  «-()  ra»>  /iijAo>v,  id 
est  ab  ovibus,  cjuibus  plenus  est. 

Mercurius,  Aen.  4,  638,  quod  mercibus  praeest. 

Aen.  8, 138,  (dii  Merciirimn  quasi  Medicurrium  a  Laiinis 
dictum  voliint,  quod  inter  caelum  et  inferos  semj^er 
intercurrat.     hie  etiam  mercimonii  deus  est. 

cf.  Arnob.  Ill  32,  Mercurius  etiam  quasi  quidam  Medi- 
currius  drctus  est. 

For  a  curious  explanation  of  tins  word  see  Wilmanns, 
De  Tere7it.V(irr.  Lihris,  p.  175:  'Mium  et  commir- 
cium  per  I  antiquis  relinquamus,  apud  quos  aeque  et 
Mircurius  per  I  dicebatur,  quod  mirandarum  esset 
rerum  inventor,  ut  Varro  dicit'. 

NiLUS,  Aen.  9,  30;  G.  4,  291,  dictus  quasi  >ia>  M6v,  hoc  est 
novum  limum  trahens. 

Pan,  Buc.  2,  31,  deus  rusticus,  in  naturae  similitudinem  for- 
matus,  unde  et  Pan  dictus  est,  id  est  omne  etc. 

cf.  Hom.  Hymn.  XYIII  47,  //«va  Si  fu>  xaXietrxo^^  art  <ppha 
Tzafftv  £Tep(^>e. 

PoENiNAE,  Aen.  10,  13,  loca  quae  rupit  (Hannibal  sc.)  Poeni- 
nae  Alpes  vocantur.    quamvis  legatur  a  Poenina  dea  etc. 

Praeneste,  Aen.  7,  678,  locus  dictus  «~o  ribv  rphiovj  id  est  ab 
ilicibus. 
Aen,  7,  682,  Cato  dicit  quia  is  locus  montibus  praestet. 


(I> 


Etymologies. 


3' 


VI 


1 


I!' 


I 


Prometheus,  Buc.  6,  42,  a;ro  r^?  7:po;irj0e{a?. 

Sabaei,  G.  1,  57,  find  TOO  ffiiSetrOatj  quod  apud  eos  tus  nascitur, 
quo  deos  placamus. 

Suculae,  Aen.  1,  744,  Graece  odde^  dictae  sunt  dTtd  rod  uetv^ 
Latine  suculae  a  suco. 

Daniel's  Servius  on  Aen.  1,  744,  and  G.  1,  138,  gives  the 
other  explanation,  '  a  suibus '. 

cf.  Gellius,  XIII  9,  15,  quod  ab  illis  't)dd£^\  a  nobis  primo 
*syades',  deinde  suculae  appellantur. 

Tusci,  Aen.  2,  781;  8,  479;  10,  164,   a   frequentia   sacrificii 

dicti,  hoc  est  «~o  rou  Ouetv. 

cf .  Paul.  p.  537,  Tusci  a  Tusco  rege,  filio  Herculis,  sunt 
dicti,   vel   a    sacrificando    studiose,  ex   Graeco   velut 

Ooffxuoi. 

Tartarus,  Aen.  6,  577,  d-o  rrj^  rapaxi;?,  aut,  quod  est  melius, 
dTzd  TOO  rapraptUtv  id  est  a  tremore  frigoris. 

Vesta,  Aen.  1,  292,  a-o  r^9  i<TT{a<$  •  •  • ,  vel  quod  variis  vestita 
sit  rebus. 

Aen,  2,  296,  ,  .  .  quod  vi  sua  stet. 

cf.  Ovid.  Fast.  VI  299,  stat  vi  terra  sua:  vi  stando  Vesta 
vocatur. 

ZETIj  Aen.  1,  388,  luppiter,  quo  constant  omnia,  Zeo?  vocatur 
dTTu  T^9  CojYj^,  id  est  vita. 

cf.  Plat.  Cratyl.  396  B,  Zijva   .   .  .   dC  8v  C^s^  de)  Tzdffi  rol?  ZwGiv 

UTzdp^Bt. 


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